Direct observation is one way a police officer can establish probable cause to arrest an individual. Other ways a police officer can establish probable cause for an arrest include:

Question

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Probable cause for an arrest can be established through various sensory observations by a police officer, including hearing incriminating remarks, smelling illegal substances like marijuana, and frisking an individual if they have reasonable suspicion to believe the person is armed and dangerous, which may reveal contraband or weapons.

Direct Observation Is One Way a Police Officer Can Establish