All of the following reflect the approach the courts use in determining reliability of informants to establish probable cause, except:

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The reliability of informants is not presumed and must be established through a totality of the circumstances test, which evaluates the veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge of the informant. Unlike eyewitnesses, victims, and police officers, whose reports are generally presumed reliable, informant reports require additional corroboration or a demonstrated history of reliability to establish probable cause.

All of the Following Reflect the Approach the Courts Use