Question 1

At the most fundamental of levels,differences in life histories (that is,reproductive strategies)are trade-offs that are based on differences in the ________.
A) onset of reproductive maturity
B) reproductive sizes of the individuals
C) allocation of energy between individuals
D) average number of offspring produced over the life span of individuals

Accepted Answer

Differences in life histories, or reproductive strategies, are based on allocation of energy between individuals. Individuals must allocate their limited energy resources to various activities, such as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. The allocation of energy towards reproduction often comes at the expense of other activities, such as growth or self-maintenance. Therefore, individuals must make trade-offs in their use of energy resources, resulting in differences in their life history strategies. Onset of reproductive maturity, reproductive sizes, and average number of offspring produced are also important factors in life history strategies, but they are ultimately determined by how individuals allocate their energy resources.

Question 2

Tandem repeat sequences found at the ends of chromosomes,such as TTAGGG as found in vertebrates,are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

telomeres

Question 3

What does the accompanying figure represent? 
A) the average energy budget values between male and female sand crickets in low v. medium v. high food environments
B) the average energy budget values between long-winged and short-winged crickets in low v. medium v. high food environments
C) the average energy budget values for low v. medium v. high food environments in two different species of sand crickets
D) the average energy budget values in low v. medium v. high temperature environments for long-winged v. short-winged sand crickets

Accepted Answer

The figure represents the average energy budget values between long-winged and short-winged crickets in low v. medium v. high food environments. The x-axis represents the food environment (low, medium, high) and the y-axis represents the energy budget values. The two lines represent long-winged and short-winged crickets. There is no information in the figure about sand crickets of different sexes or different species, or about temperature environments.

Question 4

Traits which by logic should show less genetic variation because of their close association with reproduction fall into which category?
A) life-history traits
B) behavioral traits
C) physiological traits
D) morphological traits

Accepted Answer

Life-history traits are traits closely associated with reproduction, such as age at first reproduction or number of offspring produced, and are expected to show less genetic variation due to their importance in fitness. Behavioral traits (such as mating behavior), physiological traits (such as metabolism), and morphological traits (such as body size) may show more genetic variation as they are not as directly tied to reproduction.

Question 5

According to the data shown in the accompanying figure,the reduction in reproduction rates most closely correlates with a corresponding reduction in survival in ________. 
A) female collared flycatchers
B) male red deer
C) female red deer
D) fruit flies

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the data shown in the...

Question 6

The decline in an individual's fertility,with a corresponding decrease in the likelihood of survival,is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The decline in an individual's fertility,with a...

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Lack's hypothesis?
A) There is no trade-off between a parent's reproductive effort in one year and its survival or reproductive performance in future years.
B) The only effect on clutch size of offspring is in determining whether the offspring survive.
C) The discrepancy between Lack's hypothesis and the behavior of individual birds may sometimes be more apparent than real.
D) All of these are assumptions of Lack's hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

Lack's hypothesis assumes a trade-off between current reproductive effort and future survival or reproduction (contrary to choice A), considers factors beyond mere survival affecting optimal clutch size (contrary to choice B), and does not inherently address discrepancies between theory and individual behavior (making choice C irrelevant). Therefore, none of the listed options are assumptions of Lack's hypothesis.

Question 8

The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused either by the accumulation of deleterious mutations later in life or by a trade-off between repair to damaged tissues and reproduction is called the ________.
A) theory of senescence
B) rate-of-living theory of aging
C) evolutionary theory of aging
D) particulate theory of aging

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary theory of aging suggests that aging is caused by a trade-off between the costs of maintaining the body and the benefits of reproduction, and that natural selection may actually favor genes that promote aging. This theory is also known as the disposable soma theory.

Note: The rate-of-living theory of aging (B) posits that organisms with higher metabolic rates have a shorter lifespan, but this theory has been largely discredited. The particulate theory of aging (D) suggests that aging is caused by genetic mutations that accumulate over time, but this theory has also been largely discredited. The theory of senescence (A) is not a specific theory of aging, but rather a general term referring to the aging process in organisms.

Question 9

The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused by irreparable damage to the cells,tissues,and organs of an organism brought about by such things as errors in protein synthesis and the accumulation of toxic metabolites is the ________.
A) theory of senescence
B) rate of living theory of aging
C) evolutionary theory of aging
D) particulate theory of aging

Accepted Answer

The rate of living theory of aging suggests that aging results from accumulated damage to cells and tissues due to metabolic processes, including errors in protein synthesis and toxic metabolite accumulation.

Question 10

In an "ideal" world,organisms that are fine-tuned for reproduction would ________.
A) mature at birth
B) produce high-quality offspring continuously and in high numbers
C) live forever
D) All of the above, taken together.

Accepted Answer

In an ideal world, organisms optimized for reproduction would mature quickly, produce many high-quality offspring continuously, and have an indefinite lifespan to maximize reproductive success.

Question 11

Telomeres,tandem repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes,generally get shorter after every cell division.The resulting mechanism involves a protein called p53,which ________.
A) puts the cell into a permanently nondividing state
B) causes the cell to enter cell senescence
C) may induce the cell to undergo programmed cell death
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

The protein p53 plays a crucial role in regulating cell division and preventing the formation of tumors. When telomeres become too short, p53 can induce the cell to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or enter a permanently nondividing state called cell senescence. Therefore, all of the above options (A, B, C) are correct.

Question 12

Living things show a wide range of diversity where reproductive strategies are concerned.The branch of evolution devoted to the analysis of this diversity is known as ________ analysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Living things show a wide range of...

Question 13

The accompanying figure represents Lack's hypothesis on clutch size.According to this hypothetical data,________. 
A) the probability of survival for individual nestlings decreases linearly with each successive increase in the clutch size
B) the probability of survival for individual nestlings increases, then decreases with each successive increase in the clutch size
C) the optimal clutch size in terms of survival rates is intermediate
D) A and C are both true.
E) All of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The accompanying figure represents Lack's hypothesis on...

Question 14

In terms of the size of offspring,data from different (a)fish families and (b)fruit fly species are represented in the accompanying figure.Evaluation of this data reveals that ________. 
A) no relationship between these two variables has been found
B) the larger the number of offspring, the larger the eggs that are produced
C) the larger the number of offspring, the smaller the eggs that are produced
D) there is an apparent trade-off between egg size and number of offspring
E) Both C and D are accurate statements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In terms of the size of offspring,data...

Question 15

Positive correlations have been found between ________.
A) telomere lengths and longevity among individuals within populations
B) telomere lengths and longevity across many species of mammals
C) telomere lengths and longevity among individuals within populations and across many species of mammals
D) neither telomere lengths and longevity among individuals within populations nor telomere lengths and longevity across many species of mammals

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that within populations, individuals with longer telomeres tend to have greater longevity, indicating a positive correlation between telomere length and lifespan. However, this correlation does not consistently hold across different species of mammals.

Question 16

Female sand crickets are known to produce two phenotypic variants: long-winged and short-winged.Moreover,these two variants have been shown to allocate different amounts of their energy budget to flight or ovary development,respectively.The development of female crickets into one or the other of these variants is due to ________.
A) genetic mechanisms
B) developmental mechanisms
C) physiological mechanisms
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

The development of female crickets into long-winged or short-winged variants involves genetic, developmental, and physiological mechanisms. Genetic factors determine the potential for different traits, developmental mechanisms guide the formation of these traits during the growth of the cricket, and physiological mechanisms manage the allocation of energy to support either flight (in long-winged variants) or ovary development (in short-winged variants).

Question 17

The conclusion,"Mutation hypothesis notes that mutations causing premature senescence are selected against weakly," makes more sense if we consider that ________.
A) many mutations that cause cell death are, in fact, highly deleterious
B) individuals carrying a mutation causing death before reproductive maturity would have a lifetime reproductive success rate of zero
C) mutations causing death after reproduction has begun are selected against less strongly
D) mutations in individual cells may cause cell death, but this does not affect the rest of the organism

Accepted Answer

Mutations causing death after reproduction has begun are selected against less strongly because the organism has already passed on its genes, so the evolutionary pressure to eliminate such mutations is reduced.

Question 18

Researchers have tested Lack's hypothesis on clutch sizes,and the results are shown in the accompanying figure.In this graph,the histogram shows actual clutch sizes over 22 years for the Great Tit (Parus major),whereas the individual data points reflect results of manipulation of clutch size.According to this data,________. 
A) Lack's hypothesis is supported
B) there is an ideal clutch size in terms of survival; however, this species of bird is not producing as many offspring as could survive, therefore Lack's hypothesis is not supported
C) there is an ideal clutch size in terms of survival-which is more than the number of offspring that are being produced; however, the results still support Lack's hypothesis
D) there is no apparent ideal clutch size because of discrepancies in these data

Accepted Answer

The graph shows that the actual clutch sizes of Great Tits are below the ideal clutch size in terms of survival. Lack's hypothesis suggests that natural selection favors clutch sizes that result in the highest number of surviving offspring. However, in this case, the Great Tit is not producing as many offspring as could survive if the clutch size was increased. Therefore, Lack's hypothesis is not fully supported.

Question 19

At the most fundamental of levels,differences among life histories are due to differences in the allocation of ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At the most fundamental of levels,differences among...

Question 20

Some researchers argue that short telomeres actually facilitate a longer life span in mammals.The reasoning for this argument includes the idea that ________.
A) the activity of telomerase expression―the enzyme that can restore lost bits of telomeres―is repressed
B) a reduction in the telomere size for every DNA replication event can serve as an accurate counting mechanism for the number of times a cell has divided
C) reducing the number of divisions a cell will go through will also reduce the likelihood of mutation events occurring in the cell's DNA
D) All of the above are included in this idea.

Accepted Answer

The reasoning includes all the given options: A) repression of telomerase expression limits the restoration of telomeres, potentially reducing cancer risk by preventing unlimited cell division; B) shorter telomeres can act as a biological clock, limiting cell division and thus potentially reducing the accumulation of mutations; and C) by limiting cell division, the overall chance of mutations, which could lead to cancer or other age-related diseases, is reduced.

Quiz 13: Aging and Other Life-History Characters

At the most fundamental of levels,differences in life histories (that is,reproductive strategies) are trade-offs that are based on differences in the ________.

Tandem repeat sequences found at the ends of chromosomes,such as TTAGGG as found in vertebrates,are known as ________.

What does the accompanying figure represent?

Traits which by logic should show less genetic variation because of their close association with reproduction fall into which category?

According to the data shown in the accompanying figure,the reduction in reproduction rates most closely correlates with a corresponding reduction in survival in ________.

The decline in an individual's fertility,with a corresponding decrease in the likelihood of survival,is known as ________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Lack's hypothesis?

The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused either by the accumulation of deleterious mutations later in life or by a trade-off between repair to damaged tissues and reproduction is called the ________.

The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused by irreparable damage to the cells,tissues,and organs of an organism brought about by such things as errors in protein synthesis and the accumulation of toxic metabolites is the ________.

In an "ideal" world,organisms that are fine-tuned for reproduction would ________.

Telomeres,tandem repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes,generally get shorter after every cell division.The resulting mechanism involves a protein called p53,which ________.

Living things show a wide range of diversity where reproductive strategies are concerned.The branch of evolution devoted to the analysis of this diversity is known as ________ analysis.

The accompanying figure represents Lack's hypothesis on clutch size.According to this hypothetical data,________.

In terms of the size of offspring,data from different (a) fish families and (b) fruit fly species are represented in the accompanying figure.Evaluation of this data reveals that ________.

Positive correlations have been found between ________.

The conclusion,"Mutation hypothesis notes that mutations causing premature senescence are selected against weakly," makes more sense if we consider that ________.

At the most fundamental of levels,differences among life histories are due to differences in the allocation of ________.

Some researchers argue that short telomeres actually facilitate a longer life span in mammals.The reasoning for this argument includes the idea that ________.