Findings from the Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) study with the pen and cartoons suggested that facial expressions can cause changes in emotional feelings.

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The study by Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) demonstrated that participants who held a pen in their teeth (facilitating a smile) found cartoons funnier than those who held a pen with their lips (inhibiting a smile), suggesting that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Findings from the Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) Study with the Pen