In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court interpret literacy tests as excluding Blacks on the basis of literacy, not race, because the tests also excluded illiterate whites not covered by grandfather clauses; thus, the tests did not violate the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments?

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In Williams v. State of Mississippi (1898), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the literacy tests and poll taxes implemented by the Mississippi constitution did not violate the Fifteenth Amendment. The Court reasoned that these measures applied to all citizens and were not specifically designed to disenfranchise African Americans, despite their clear impact and intent to do so. This decision effectively allowed the continued use of literacy tests to disenfranchise Black voters, under the guise of a race-neutral application.

In Which Case Did the U