Question 1

Draw on material presented in the text to explain why the homicide rate is much higher in Baltimore than in New York City. Focus your discussion on the characteristics of high-crime neighborhoods and cities.

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Question 2

Describe three characteristics of high-crime neighborhoods.

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Question 3

Economic deprivation is one of the key characteristics of high-crime communities. Use any one of the leading delinquency theories to explain why economic deprivation increases the likelihood of crime.

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Question 4

High-crime communities tend to have a higher percentage of African American residents. Explain why data suggest that the percentage of African American residents in a community does not have a causal effect on crime rates.

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Question 5

Describe the trend in high-poverty neighborhoods and residents from the 1960s to 2013. Did high-poverty neighborhoods and their residents increase, decrease, or both? Be specific in your answer.

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Question 6

According to Agnew and Brezina: "We have witnessed a long-term historical trend toward the increasing concentration of poverty, with more high-poverty neighborhoods, and more people living in these neighborhoods." Discuss the reasons provided in the text for this long-term trend.

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Question 7

Use strain theory to explain the relationship between deprived communities and high crime rates. Be sure to address the various types of strain and coping responses that increase the likelihood for crime. Give examples.

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Question 8

Explain the relationship between the characteristics of high-crime communities and community crime rates using control theory.

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Question 9

Indicate how the characteristics of deprived communities reduce the ability and willingness of residents to exercise effective control. In your answer address different forms of control and provide examples to illustrate your points.

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Question 10

Agnew and Brezina state: "residents of deprived communities are more likely to develop beliefs favorable to delinquency, forming what have been called 'delinquent or criminal subcultures.'" Explain this statement from a social learning perspective.

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Question 11

Examine why it is better to live in a community surrounded by wealthier communities than by other poor communities. Use propositions of strain theory to explain how surrounding communities can influence crime rates.

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Question 12

How might strain theory partly explain the development of beliefs favorable to delinquency in deprived neighborhoods?

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Question 13

Explain the reciprocal relationship between community crime rates and community characteristics.

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Question 14

Draw on delinquency theories to explain the impact that "collective efficacy" has on crime rates.

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Question 15

Discuss benefits of studying crime rates across communities. What are the benefits of the community as the unit of analysis as opposed to the individual as the unit of analysis?

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Question 16

The textbook notes that several criminologists have argued that researchers should consider not only the extent to which community residents are poor but also the extent to which they are advantaged. What do Agnew and Brezina mean by the term "advantaged"? Do advantaged residents typically increase or decrease the level of crime in communities? Why?

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Question 17

The textbook describes how residents of high-crime communities are less likely to engage in different types of control for at least four reasons. What are these reasons?

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Question 18

In Carr et al.'s (2007) study of three high-crime communities in Philadelphia, over 60% of the young people expressed negative views of the police. Why would this be? Provide some examples.

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Question 19

Describe social disorganization theory. Do data support the basic arguments of social disorganization theory? Explain why or why not.

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Question 20

Agnew and Brezina state that in neighborhoods where the street code is prevalent, young people may feel pressure to use violence even if they do not personally value aggressive behavior. Provide some reasons for why this would be true.

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Quiz 12: Group Differences in Delinquency