Which opioid analgesic is most likely to produce dysphoria?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Of the agents listed,pentazocine has the greatest propensity for causing dysphoric reactions.It is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid,and produces CNS effects not unlike the opioid agonists,including analgesia,sedation,and respiratory depression.The type of analgesia it produces is somewhat different from that produced by the agonist opioids.This may be a result of its agonist action on kappa and delta receptors and its antagonist action at the mu receptor.References differ whether sigma or delta opioid receptors may be responsible for the dysphoria.Meperidine,codeine,oxycodone,and hydrocodone are opioid agonists.They are not the primary opioid associated with dysphoria.

Which Opioid Analgesic Is Most Likely to Produce Dysphoria