Question 1

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and
A) bioethics.
B) logic.
C) aesthetics.
D) categorical logic.

Accepted Answer

Logic is one of the four main divisions of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology.

Question 2

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the
A) state.
B) justice system.
C) body.
D) soul.

Accepted Answer

Socrates famously stated that "an unexamined life is not worth living," arguing that without self-examination and reflection, one cannot understand virtue or live a truly ethical life. This lack of understanding and ethical living, according to Socrates, harms the soul, as it prevents it from achieving its highest potential and engaging in the pursuit of true knowledge and goodness.

Question 3

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
A) knowledge.
B) wealth.
C) community.
D) courage.

Accepted Answer

For Socrates, the soul is primarily harmed by lack of knowledge, as he believed that knowledge leads to virtue and ignorance leads to vice. This concept is central to his philosophy, emphasizing the importance of understanding and wisdom for the well-being of the soul.

Question 4

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
A) an argument.
B) the Socratic method.
C) the Socratic jest.
D) a debate.

Accepted Answer

The Socratic method is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. It is named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates and is a method of hypothesis elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions.

Question 5

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as
A) modus tollens.
B) modus ponens.
C) hypothetical syllogism.
D) reductio ad absurdum.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of "reductio ad absurdum," a logical argument where you assume a statement to be true and then show that this assumption leads to an absurd or contradictory conclusion, thereby proving the original statement to be false.

Question 6

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
A) the argumentative method.
B) the philosophical method.
C) propositional logic.
D) syllogistic reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The philosophical method refers to the systematic use of critical reasoning to explore fundamental questions about existence, ethics, knowledge, and other core areas of inquiry. This method involves questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.

Question 7

The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as
A) metaphysics.
B) epistemology.
C) quantum physics.
D) axiology.

Accepted Answer

Axiology is the branch of philosophy that studies value, including both ethical and aesthetic value.

Question 8

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as
A) logic.
B) metaphysics.
C) epistemology.
D) aesthetics.

Accepted Answer

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge, including questions about its nature, sources, limits, and validity. It specifically addresses issues such as "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?"

Question 9

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _______ is his or her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
A) philosophical ambition
B) worldly wisdom
C) exceptional desires
D) an unhealthy soul

Accepted Answer

Socrates believed that the exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure was indicative of an unhealthy soul, as it showed a lack of focus on moral and intellectual virtues.

Question 10

A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is a(n)
A) statement.
B) argument.
C) conclusion.
D) reduction.

Accepted Answer

An argument consists of a set of statements, where one is the conclusion meant to be supported by the others, which are premises.

Question 11

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the
A) middle statements.
B) premises.
C) persuaders.
D) substatements.

Accepted Answer

The statements that provide support for the conclusion in an argument are called premises. They serve as the foundation or reasons that lead to the conclusion.

Question 12

Terms such as "consequently," "therefore," and "as a result" are
A) premise indicator words.
B) conclusion indicator words.
C) statements.
D) persuaders.

Accepted Answer

These terms are used to indicate the conclusion of an argument, showing the result or outcome of the premises.

Question 13

Arguments that intend to provide logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, are
A) deductive.
B) inductive.
C) explanatory.
D) cogent.

Accepted Answer

Deductive arguments are structured in such a way that if the premises are true, the conclusion necessarily follows and must be true. This contrasts with inductive arguments, which aim at probable support for their conclusions rather than guaranteeing them.

Question 14

When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n)
A) analogical induction.
B) sound deduction.
C) valid inference.
D) enumerative induction.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of enumerative induction, which involves making a generalization about a group based on observations of individual members of that group.

Question 15

In the type of argument known as _______ , we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.
A) analogical induction
B) inference to the best explanation
C) explanatory deduction
D) statistical syllogism

Accepted Answer

Inference to the best explanation is the type of argument where we start with certain premises about something that needs explaining, and then deduce the most plausible explanation for it from those premises.

Question 16

The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was
A) Hypatia.
B) Philippa.
C) Avicenna.
D) Anselm.

Accepted Answer

Hypatia was a renowned philosopher and mathematician who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria during the late 4th and early 5th centuries.

Question 17

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the
A) appeal to popularity.
B) fallacy of equivocation.
C) genetic fallacy.
D) straw man fallacy.

Accepted Answer

The straw man fallacy involves misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack or refute, rather than addressing the actual argument presented.

Question 18

The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as
A) appeal to ignorance.
B) equivocation.
C) false dilemma.
D) appeal to the person.

Accepted Answer

This fallacy is known as "appeal to the person" or "ad hominem," where an argument is rejected based on the characteristics or authority of the person proposing it, rather than on the merits of the argument itself.

Question 19

The fallacy of _______ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.
A) the genetic fallacy
B) appeal to ignorance
C) equivocation
D) slippery slope

Accepted Answer

The fallacy described is the appeal to ignorance, which occurs when it's argued that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false, or that a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true.

Question 20

The fallacy of _______ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.
A) equivocation
B) composition
C) false dilemma
D) begging the question

Accepted Answer

Begging the question is a logical fallacy where the argument's conclusion is assumed in one of the premises, essentially using the conclusion as its own support.

Quiz 1: Philosophy and You

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _______ is his or her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is a(n)

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

Terms such as "consequently," "therefore," and "as a result" are

Arguments that intend to provide logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, are

When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n)

In the type of argument known as _______ , we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.

The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as

The fallacy of _______ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

The fallacy of _______ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.