Question 1

During the Jim Crow era, Whites and Blacks were extremely segregated. While the free Black electorate threatened the political and economic dominance of elite White society, Whites still wanted--and needed--Black labor. Which theory best explains segregation under these conditions?

Accepted Answer

The Noel hypothesis explains segregation under these conditions by suggesting that if two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will occur. This theory aligns with the dynamics of the Jim Crow era, where Whites and Blacks were segregated due to competition and power differentials, with Whites aiming to maintain their political and economic dominance while still relying on Black labor.

Question 2

Which of the following best exemplifies de jure segregation?

Accepted Answer

De jure segregation refers to segregation that is enforced by law, rather than by personal choice or social practice. Choice D, laws requiring Blacks to use different water fountains than Whites, is a clear example of de jure segregation because it is a legal requirement enforcing separation based on race.

Question 3

According to the chapter text, the Great Migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on African Americans?

Accepted Answer

The Great Migration led to an increase in Black political power as African Americans moved to cities in the North where they could vote and participate more fully in the political process, unlike in the South where they faced significant barriers to voting and political participation.

Question 4

What are the parallels between Jim Crow segregation and South African apartheid?

Accepted Answer

Both Jim Crow segregation in the United States and South African apartheid were systems of racial segregation and discrimination that were intentionally created and maintained by the dominant white groups to control and oppress the minority black populations.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the practice of sharecropping?

Accepted Answer

Sharecropping was a system where tenants, often former slaves, worked a landowner's land in exchange for a portion of the crops, along with housing and other necessities, rather than receiving a direct wage.

Question 6

During the 19th century, an anti-elitist movement attempted to unite poor Whites and Blacks in the rural South against the traditional elite classes. This movement was called ______.

Accepted Answer

Populism, or the populist movement, sought to rally the common people, including poor Whites and Blacks, against the economic and political elite during the late 19th century, particularly in the rural South.

Question 7

Following the end of slavery in the South, Black women most often worked ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following the end of slavery in the...

Question 8

During the Great Migration, Black women often worked in domestic servant positions, replacing European immigrant women who move up in the job structure. This is similar to what phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Ethnic succession refers to the process by which one ethnic or racial group replaces another in specific job roles or neighborhoods, often as the incoming group seeks to improve its social and economic status. This concept applies to the scenario described, where Black women took over domestic servant positions previously held by European immigrant women, who moved up in the job structure.

Question 9

African Americans' creation of separate institutions and cultural practices due to their exclusion from the mainstream supports which of the following critiques of the traditional model of assimilation?

Accepted Answer

African Americans' creation of separate institutions and cultural practices highlights that the dominant group may not desire full assimilation of all groups, as exclusion from mainstream institutions necessitated the development of separate ones.

Question 10

The stimulation of occupational specialization due to industrialization ______.

Accepted Answer

Industrialization led to a more complex division of labor and increased occupational specialization, which in turn made it more challenging to maintain rigid, caste-like divisions between different groups, as the workforce became more integrated and diverse.

Question 11

The differential distribution of ______, in the past and in the present, effectively protects workers in the primary sector from competition from minority groups.

Accepted Answer

Educational opportunities have historically been distributed unevenly, which has limited the ability of minority groups to compete for jobs in the primary sector, where specific skills and education may be required.

Question 12

White ethnic groups in the North saw incoming Black migrants as a threat and thus ______.

Accepted Answer

White ethnic groups in the North often saw incoming Black migrants as a threat to their economic status and job security, leading to the exclusion of Black individuals from labor unions and political systems to maintain economic and social dominance.

Question 13

Despite shifts to fluid competitive relations, African Americans will continue to remain at a disadvantage as they pursue opportunities and resources. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

Accepted Answer

Blauner's theory specifically addresses the idea that minority groups, including African Americans, will continue to face disadvantages in their pursuit of opportunities and resources due to systemic inequalities and historical patterns of discrimination.

Question 14

African Americans face exclusion from better jobs in the primary sector, which concentrates them in positions that offer little opportunity for upward mobility. This statement supports which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of African Americans face exclusion from better jobs...

Question 15

The shift from rigid to fluid competitive group relations is due to deindustrialization. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

Accepted Answer

Lenski's theory of sociocultural evolution discusses the impact of technological advancement on social structures, which includes the shift from rigid to fluid competitive group relations as societies move from industrial to post-industrial stages.

Question 16

______ excluded generations of Black families from the opportunity to develop wealth.

Accepted Answer

Housing discrimination, such as redlining and restrictive covenants, systematically prevented Black families from purchasing homes in certain areas, thereby excluding them from opportunities to build wealth through property ownership.

Question 17

The purpose of affirmative action policies is to ______.

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action policies are designed to reduce the effects of past discrimination by giving preferential treatment to members of underrepresented groups.

Question 18

Since segregation began, African American women have had consistently higher unemployment rates and lower incomes than African American men and White women. Which theory best explains these conditions?

Accepted Answer

Intersectionality theory best explains these conditions as it considers multiple overlapping social identities, including race, gender, and class, which can lead to a unique experience of discrimination and disadvantage, such as higher unemployment rates and lower incomes for African American women compared to African American men and White women.

Question 19

White students may assume that a minority student was accepted to a university due to ______ and not the student's own abilities.

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action policies are designed to increase the representation of minorities in areas such as education and employment, which can lead to perceptions that minority students are admitted based on these policies rather than their own merits.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of past-in-present discrimination?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Quiz 4: Industrialization and Dominantminority Relations: From Slavery to Segregation and the Coming of Postindustrial Society