The pretest and posttest design in a single group pretest/posttest design does not need to be created. It may be any test, observation, or measurement:

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

In a single group pretest/posttest design, the pretest and posttest can indeed be any form of test, observation, or measurement that is relevant to the research question, as long as they are consistent and accurately measure the variables of interest before and after the intervention or treatment.

The Pretest and Posttest Design in a Single Group Pretest/posttest