Beauchamp and Childress Make the Following Argument About Deception of Third-Party

Beauchamp and Childress make the following argument about deception of third-party payers in the health care field:

A) Physicians should place a premium on seeking alternative, nondeceptive courses of action, such as formal appeals, and should work to alter unduly restrictive systems.
B) Deception of third-party payers can never be justified.
C) Physicians should practice fidelity to their patients by doing whatever it takes to make sure the appropriate tests and treatments are paid for.
D) Third-party payers may sometimes be deceived, but only those who have demonstrated callousness toward patients or unwillingness to work with physicians to provide and pay for proper diagnosis and treatment.