Question 1

Hermann Ebbinghaus, the first researcher to study memory experimentally, used _______ instead of words to study memory because ________.

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables in his memory experiments to avoid bias from prior associations or experiences with real words, ensuring a more controlled study of pure memory capacity.

Question 2

Transactive memory is thought to occur because ________.

Accepted Answer

Transactive memory occurs because different people find different material more memorable, allowing groups to collectively remember more information by relying on each other's strengths.

Question 3

In certain cases, the sum of what is remembered as a group is less than the sum of all the individual memories. The following is not a reason for this phenomenon: ________.

Accepted Answer

Collaborative inhibition refers to the phenomenon where group memory performance is lower than the combined memory performance of individuals due to interference among group members. Information-sampling bias and audience tuning are both mechanisms that can lead to reduced group memory by focusing on commonly known information or tailoring communication to the perceived knowledge of listeners, respectively. False memories, however, do not explain why the sum of group memory would be less than the sum of individual memories; instead, they refer to the creation of inaccurate or entirely fabricated recollections.

Question 4

Collaborative inhibition is best explained by ________.

Accepted Answer

The retrieval-disruption hypothesis explains collaborative inhibition by suggesting that the presence of different retrieval strategies among group members can interfere with each other, leading to a reduced group memory performance compared to individual efforts.

Question 5

Collaborative inhibition ________.

Accepted Answer

Collaborative inhibition is primarily attributed to retrieval disruption, which occurs when the presence of others interferes with an individual's recall process.

Question 6

If a person is asked to recall a story to an audience, the narrator will ________.

Accepted Answer

The narrator will attempt to remember all the elements of the story as accurate as possible.

Question 7

To understand the impact that recall has on memory, we must understand ________, which is the spread of ideas, information, and practices through interpersonal contact or communication.

Accepted Answer

Social contagion refers to the spread of ideas, information, and practices among individuals through their social interactions and communication, which is crucial for understanding how recall and memory can be influenced by the social environment.

Question 8

According to Elizabeth Loftus, the misinformation effect is ________.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect, as described by Elizabeth Loftus, occurs when participants' memories of an event are influenced by misleading information they received, leading them to report the misinformation rather than what they actually witnessed.

Question 9

In Elizabeth Loftus's social contagion experiments, ________ of participants could be made to falsely remember entire events.

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus's research on memory and the misinformation effect demonstrates that about 30 per cent of participants could be made to falsely remember entire events that never happened, illustrating the malleability of human memory.

Question 10

Source of the misinformation effect do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect typically does not originate from brain trauma. It is more commonly associated with memory distortion following exposure to incorrect information after an event, social influences, and confusion about the source of information.

Question 11

Cognitive moderators-factors that can heighten the observation of social contagion-do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cognitive moderators-factors that can heighten the observation...

Question 12

Participants are more likely to show social contagion when ________.

Accepted Answer

Social contagion is more likely when multiple sources confirm the same information, as it increases the perceived validity and reliability of the information.

Question 13

Participants' social contagion can be influenced by warnings that a speaker may not be a good source of information, but the timing of the warning is important, ________.

Accepted Answer

Warnings are most effective at reducing the spread of misinformation when they are given before the audience is exposed to the erroneous material. This preemptive approach helps to prime the audience's skepticism, making them more critical of the information they are about to receive.

Question 14

Better memory for material that has been brought up in conversation is related to the "generation effect," a phenomenon found in many memory paradigms where material that ________ generated by the participants ________.

Accepted Answer

The generation effect refers to the phenomenon where information that has been actively generated by an individual is remembered better than information that is simply received passively.

Question 15

During a conversation, people must discuss some information while intentionally not discussing other information, and these unmentioned memories are called "mnemonic silences." The two most likely causes of this phenomenon are ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During a conversation, people must discuss some...

Question 16

In 1932, ________ was the first psychologist to publish work on social networks and memory.

Accepted Answer

Frederic Bartlett was a pioneering psychologist who, in 1932, published influential work on social psychology and memory, notably departing from the traditional views of memory and cognition of his time.

Question 17

The difference between collective memory and shared memory is ________.

Accepted Answer

The term "collective memory" refers to memories that are held by a group of people who share a similar social or cultural identity, indicating a deeper, more culturally embedded form of memory. In contrast, "shared memory" can refer to any memory shared among a group of people, regardless of cultural identity, but it doesn't necessarily imply the deeper cultural or social identity connection that collective memory does.

Question 18

Residential schools inflicted harm to Indigenous people in Canada that ________.

Accepted Answer

The harm caused by residential schools in Canada has extended across generations, leading to extensive social problems among Indigenous communities. This truth and its impact were not widely acknowledged or part of the Canadian collective memory until recently.

Question 19

Stereotypical information ________.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypical information is more readily accessible in memory because it aligns with existing beliefs and schemas, making it easier to recall than non-stereotypical or counter-stereotypical information.

Question 20

The distinctiveness-based illusory correlation is when ________.

Accepted Answer

The distinctiveness-based illusory correlation occurs when two stimuli are distinct from other stimuli, leading people to overestimate how often those two stimuli appear together.

Quiz 10: Memory and Our Social Selves

Hermann Ebbinghaus, the first researcher to study memory experimentally, used _ instead of words to study memory because __.