Question 1

The __________ elements of the old white racial frame are perhaps the most developed and have long included various religious, scientific, and psychosexual rationalizations for oppression.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "anti-black" because historically, the most developed elements of the old white racial frame have focused on justifying the oppression of black individuals through various means, including religious, scientific, and psychosexual rationalizations.

Question 2

In a 1550 debate, Spanish theologian __________ argued that it was lawful to enslave African populations because of their heathen natures, which obligated them to serve those with the superior culture (the Spanish).

Accepted Answer

Gaines de Sepulveda argued in favor of the enslavement of Africans by citing their "heathen nature" as justification for their servitude to the Spanish, whom he considered to have a superior culture.

Question 3

From the first century of colonization, white Europeans have portrayed themselves as, to use Ronald Takaki's phrase, ___________.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

In the early ________ century, English American colonists first used terms like "Christians" for themselves and "negroes" for Africans and African Americans.

Accepted Answer

In the early seventeenth century, English American colonists began to differentiate themselves as "Christians" and referred to Africans and African Americans as "negroes," reflecting the racial and religious distinctions of the period.

Question 5

As early as _________, Reverend Samuel Purchas spoke of the "black Negroe" and the "whiter European."

Accepted Answer

Reverend Samuel Purchas, in his work "Purchas his Pilgrimage" (1613), and more extensively in "Purchas his Pilgrimes" (1625), discussed various peoples and cultures from around the world. The reference to the "black Negroe" and the "whiter European" would have been consistent with the ethnographic observations of the time, and 1614 is closest to the publication dates of his notable works.

Question 6

By the late _________, colonial accounts refer to the unusual "complexion" of the slaves as making an impression on the "white" mind.

Accepted Answer

By the late 1600s, the transatlantic slave trade was well established, and the presence of African slaves in the American colonies was becoming more common, leading to observations about their "complexion" in contrast to Europeans.

Question 7

English colonists had power to shape the everyday terminology used in interaction with one another and with those they oppressed. In Old English, the word "black" meant _______, while "white" meant to _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of English colonists had power to shape the...

Question 8

In line with earlier Christian usage, "black" was used by the English colonists to describe __________.

Accepted Answer

In earlier Christian usage, "black" was often associated with sin and the devil, reflecting a symbolic color association that conveyed moral judgment and spiritual connotations.

Question 9

In the first century and a half, 40 percent of all those enslaved, as well as the many prominent whites who were speaking out on issues of their own liberty, were located in ______________.

Accepted Answer

Virginia was a central location for both the enslaved population and prominent white figures who were advocating for their own liberty during the first century and a half of American history. It played a significant role in the early discussions and practices surrounding slavery and freedom in the United States.

Question 10

Thomas Jefferson published the cases of Virginia's General Court for the years 1730 to 1772. ___________ involved legal matters of concern to slaveholders "such as testamentary disposition of slaves, creditors' rights in a debtor's slaves, warranty in the sale of slaves, life estates in and mortgages of slaves, dower in slaves, and entailed slaves."

Accepted Answer

More than half of the cases published by Thomas Jefferson involved legal matters of concern to slaveholders, reflecting the significant role that slavery played in the legal and economic systems of Virginia during that period.

Question 11

In the first naturalization law in ______, the new U.S. Congress made the earliest political statement on citizenship.

Accepted Answer

In 1790, the new U.S. Congress passed the first naturalization law, making an early political statement on citizenship by defining the process by which immigrants could become citizens.

Question 12

In _________, the colony of Virginia established the first explicit law against interracial sex, and in _________ a law against interracial marriage was enforced by banishment.

Accepted Answer

In 1662, Virginia established a law explicitly against interracial sex, and by 1691, it had enforced a law against interracial marriage, which included punishment by banishment for those who violated the law.

Question 13

A fully developed concept of "race" as a pseudo-biological category was developed by Europeans and European Americans in the late __________, and was codified in the work of leading European and American intellectuals around the time of the American Revolution.

Accepted Answer

The concept of race as a pseudo-biological category was developed in the late 1600s and 1700s, becoming more codified around the time of the American Revolution, reflecting the growing interest in classifying and ranking human populations based on perceived differences.

Question 14

By the late ________, hierarchical racial relations were increasingly explained in overtly bio-racial terms.

Accepted Answer

By the late 1700s, the Enlightenment and scientific advancements led to the development of racial theories that categorized humans into different races with hierarchical structures, often justified by pseudo-scientific methods.

Question 15

The concept of "race," in the dominant racial frame, had at least three important elements, including all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The concept of "race" in the dominant racial frame primarily focuses on physical and biological distinctions, the idea that race determines essential personality and cultural traits, and a hierarchy of racial groups. It does not inherently emphasize concepts like prejudice, stereotyping, bias, and bigotry, which are outcomes or manifestations of racial thinking rather than core elements of the concept of race itself.

Question 16

In his influential book Notes on the State of Virginia, published in the late eighteenth century, __________ articulated the first extensive arguments by a North American intellectual for black racial inferiority.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Jefferson, in his book "Notes on the State of Virginia," articulated extensive arguments for black racial inferiority, reflecting the prevailing attitudes of his time.

Question 17

Over his lifetime, __________ owned hundreds of African Americans, even though he periodically, and hypocritically, asserted that he disliked slavery.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Jefferson, despite his public expressions of opposition to slavery, owned hundreds of slaves throughout his lifetime. This is well-documented and widely recognized among historians.

Question 18

__________ was a supporter of exporting African Americans back to Africa, should they become free.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Jefferson was among the American Founding Fathers who believed that African Americans, once freed, could not coexist with whites in the United States and supported the idea of their colonization back to Africa or elsewhere.

Question 19

The major Western philosopher of the late eighteenth century, __________, produced the first developed theory of "race" in modern terms.

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant, a prominent philosopher of the Enlightenment, is credited with developing one of the first comprehensive theories of race in the context of his broader philosophical inquiries, marking a significant moment in the history of racial thought.

Question 20

During the 1770s, __________ wrote of the hierarchy of "races of mankind," one of the early uses of the term "races" in the sense of biologically distinct, hierarchical categories.

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant was among the first to articulate a concept of race that categorized humans into different groups based on biological characteristics, laying a foundation for racial hierarchy theories.

Quiz 3: The White Racial Frame- a Social Force