By the late 1700s, hierarchical racial relations were increasingly explained in overtly bio-racial terms.

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During the late 18th century, the Enlightenment and the rise of scientific thought led to the categorization of humanity into distinct races, often hierarchically arranged, with explanations for social and economic differences increasingly framed in biological terms. This period marked the beginning of scientific racism, which sought to justify and naturalize racial hierarchies and inequalities.

By the Late 1700s, Hierarchical Racial Relations Were Increasingly Explained