Question 1

The first House of Refuge in the United States was established where in 1824?

Accepted Answer

The first House of Refuge in the United States was established in New York in 1824, marking the beginning of the juvenile reform system in the country.

Question 2

What term refers to the belief, prominent in the 1800s, that children growing up in poverty, surrounded by depravity in their neighborhood and family, are destined to a life of crime and degradation?

Accepted Answer

Pauperism refers to the belief that poverty and the environment of depravity lead to a life of crime and degradation, a view that was prominent in the 1800s.

Question 3

What concept refers to the belief that the causes of delinquency can be identified using scientific methods?

Accepted Answer

Positivism is the concept that suggests the causes of delinquency (and other phenomena) can be understood through empirical, scientific investigation and observation.

Question 4

Which English legal doctrine was applied most extensively to cases in which the guardianship of young children was at issue?

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is the legal doctrine that refers to the state's authority to act as the guardian for those who are unable to care for themselves, such as minors. This doctrine has been applied extensively in cases involving the guardianship of young children, allowing the state to step in and make decisions in the best interest of the child.

Question 5

The development of which English legal doctrine coincided with the discovery of childhood and adolescence during the Renaissance?

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is the correct answer because this legal doctrine allows the state to step in and act as a guardian for those who are unable to care for themselves, including children. This concept became more prominent during the Renaissance as society began to recognize and differentiate the stages of childhood and adolescence, leading to the development of laws and practices aimed at protecting these vulnerable groups.

Question 6

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile (1762) presented a clear departure from earlier depictions of children by advancing the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Rousseau's "Emile" is notable for introducing the idea that children go through distinct developmental stages as they grow, marking a significant shift in educational and psychological thought towards viewing childhood development as a progressive process.

Question 7

The concept of "juvenile delinquency" is linked to three historical developments. Which of the following is NOT one of these historical developments?

Accepted Answer

The concept of "juvenile delinquency" is primarily linked to the discovery of childhood and adolescence, the English legal doctrine of parens patriae, and the dominance of positivism in criminology. U.S. Supreme Court cases that defined delinquency are not considered a historical development that led to the concept of juvenile delinquency; instead, they are a consequence of the already established concept.

Question 8

Balanced and restorative justice emphasizes offender accountability, community safety, and offender competency development.

Accepted Answer

Balanced and restorative justice focuses on ensuring that offenders are held accountable for their actions, that the safety of the community is maintained, and that offenders develop the skills and competencies necessary to avoid future offenses.

Question 9

In Centuries of Childhood, Philippe Ariès argues that the idea of childhood, as a distinct developmental stage, did not emerge until the Renaissance.

Accepted Answer

Philippe Ariès, in his seminal work "Centuries of Childhood," argues that the modern concept of childhood as a unique and distinct phase of human development emerged in the Renaissance period. Before this time, children were often seen as small adults without a special status or unique needs.

Quiz 2: Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice: Origins and Transformation