Question 1

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument.
-If it rains, then we will swim. If we swim, then we will need towels. So if it rains ...

Accepted Answer

The answer of More enthymemes. In each case, fill in...

Question 2

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument.
-Every time it rains, Joe calls in sick. So Joe will call in sick tomorrow.

Accepted Answer

The answer of More enthymemes. In each case, fill in...

Question 3

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument.
-All illy pies are hairy. So all illy pies are warm-blooded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of More enthymemes. In each case, fill in...

Question 4

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument.
-Either we will eat tacos, or we will eat burritos. We won't eat burritos. So ...

Accepted Answer

The answer of More enthymemes. In each case, fill in...

Question 5

Some inductive arguments claim that the conclusion must be true.

Accepted Answer

Inductive arguments suggest that the conclusion is likely or probable based on the premises, rather than claiming it must be true with certainty.

Question 6

According to the text, logicians sort arguments into two types of reasoning: deductive and inductive.

Accepted Answer

Logicians categorize arguments based on the structure of reasoning into two main types: deductive reasoning, where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises if they are true, and inductive reasoning, where the premises support the conclusion but do not ensure it with certainty.

Question 7

Inductive arguments aim to show not that the conclusion must be true but rather that it is likely true.

Accepted Answer

Inductive arguments are designed to show that their conclusions are probable, based on the premises, rather than to demonstrate conclusively that the conclusions must be true.

Question 8

No inductive argument aims to prove its conclusion with certainty.

Accepted Answer

Inductive arguments aim to show that their conclusions are probable, based on the premises, rather than to prove their conclusions with absolute certainty.

Question 9

Some inductive arguments have false premises and a false conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless strong.

Accepted Answer

A strong inductive argument means that if the premises were true, they would make the conclusion likely, but it doesn't guarantee the truth of the premises or the conclusion.

Question 10

Some inductive arguments have true premises and a true conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless weak.

Accepted Answer

Inductive arguments are evaluated based on the strength of the inference from premises to conclusion, not merely on the truth of the premises and conclusion. A weak inductive argument fails to provide strong support for its conclusion, even if all statements within it are true.

Question 11

If an inductive argument has all false premises, then you know it is weak.

Accepted Answer

An inductive argument's strength is determined by the degree to which its premises support its conclusion, not by the truth or falsity of its premises. An argument can have false premises but still be strong if the premises, were they true, would likely lead to the conclusion.

Question 12

If an inductive argument has all true premises, then you know it is strong.

Accepted Answer

An inductive argument being strong depends on the premises providing sufficient support for the conclusion, not just on the premises being true. A strong inductive argument makes the conclusion likely, but true premises alone do not guarantee this strength.

Question 13

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be valid.

Accepted Answer

An inductively strong argument does not guarantee validity, as validity is a term associated with deductive arguments, indicating that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Inductive arguments, even when strong, only suggest that their conclusions are likely to be true if the premises are true.

Question 14

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be cogent.

Accepted Answer

An argument being inductively strong means it has premises that make the conclusion likely, but for it to be cogent, it also requires that the premises are true. An inductively strong argument can have false premises.

Question 15

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also have all true premises.

Accepted Answer

An inductively strong argument means that if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true, but it does not guarantee that all the premises are indeed true.

Question 16

If an argument is cogent, then it must also be valid.

Accepted Answer

A cogent argument is one that is strong and convincing due to its premises being true and relevant, but it does not necessarily meet the formal criteria of validity that apply to deductive reasoning. Validity in an argument means that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true, which is a stricter standard not required for an argument to be considered cogent.

Question 17

If an argument is strong, then it must have a true conclusion.

Accepted Answer

A strong argument means that the premises logically support the conclusion, but it does not guarantee that the conclusion is true, especially if the premises are false.

Question 18

If an argument is weak, then it must have at least one false premise.

Accepted Answer

A weak argument may have true premises but fail to support its conclusion strongly, rather than necessarily having a false premise.

Question 19

If an argument is weak, then its conclusion cannot be true.

Accepted Answer

A weak argument can still have a true conclusion; the strength of an argument is about the connection between premises and conclusion, not the truth of the conclusion itself.

Question 20

If an argument is strong, then its conclusion is likely true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If an argument is strong, then its...

Quiz 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. -If it rains, then we will swim. If we swim, then we will need towels. So if it rains ...

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. -Every time it rains, Joe calls in sick. So Joe will call in sick tomorrow.

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. -All illy pies are hairy. So all illy pies are warm-blooded.

More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. -Either we will eat tacos, or we will eat burritos. We won't eat burritos. So ...

Some inductive arguments claim that the conclusion must be true.

According to the text, logicians sort arguments into two types of reasoning: deductive and inductive.

Inductive arguments aim to show not that the conclusion must be true but rather that it is likely true.

No inductive argument aims to prove its conclusion with certainty.

Some inductive arguments have false premises and a false conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless strong.

Some inductive arguments have true premises and a true conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless weak.

If an inductive argument has all false premises, then you know it is weak.

If an inductive argument has all true premises, then you know it is strong.

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be valid.

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be cogent.

If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also have all true premises.

If an argument is cogent, then it must also be valid.

If an argument is strong, then it must have a true conclusion.

If an argument is weak, then it must have at least one false premise.

If an argument is weak, then its conclusion cannot be true.

If an argument is strong, then its conclusion is likely true.