Question 1

Under Pope Gregory VII, a merger occurred between the movements for

Accepted Answer

Pope Gregory VII was known for his efforts to reform the church, focusing on clerical reform and centralizing authority within the church, which included asserting papal authority over secular rulers.

Question 2

The disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over the emperor's authority to appoint bishops within his domains is known as the

Accepted Answer

The disagreement is known as the Investiture Controversy, which was a significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It involved the right of the Holy Roman Emperor to appoint bishops and abbots within his territories, challenging the authority of the Pope and the Church.

Question 3

The Great Schism was the

Accepted Answer

The Great Schism refers to the formal split in 1054 between the Latin (Western) Church, which became the Roman Catholic Church, and the Orthodox (Eastern) Church, which became the Eastern Orthodox Church. This division was due to theological, political, cultural, and ecclesiastical differences between the two branches of Christianity.

Question 4

The renewed dedication to poverty, chastity, and evangelism among the Latin clergy was epitomized by the

Accepted Answer

The Cistercians, a monastic order founded in 1098, epitomized the renewed dedication to poverty, chastity, and evangelism among the Latin clergy during the Middle Ages. They sought to return to the strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict and were known for their austerity, simplicity in life, and commitment to manual labor and prayer.

Question 5

The first Crusade was launched after Pope Urban II received a call for aid against the advancing armies of

Accepted Answer

The First Crusade was launched after Pope Urban II received a call for aid from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who was seeking assistance against the advancing armies of the Seljuk Turks.

Question 6

Urban II incentivized participation by Christians in the Crusade by promising

Accepted Answer

Urban II promised full absolution of sins for those who took part in the Crusade, which was a significant religious incentive for Christians at the time, aligning with the belief in penance and redemption.

Question 7

After nearly a century of Christian control, Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslims under the leadership of

Accepted Answer

Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, after nearly 88 years of Christian control following the First Crusade.

Question 8

The Third Crusade ended with

Accepted Answer

The Third Crusade ended with a truce that allowed Christian pilgrims access to holy sites but did not result in Christian control of Jerusalem, Saladin's death, or the capture of Constantinople.

Question 9

The original religious motivations of the Crusaders came to be overshadowed by political and economic objectives, as evidenced by the Venetians' decision in the Fourth Crusade to

Accepted Answer

The Venetians, who provided naval transport for the Fourth Crusade, redirected the crusade to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, rather than Jerusalem. This decision was influenced by economic and political motives, including debts owed by the Crusaders to Venice and the opportunity to expand Venetian trade and political influence. The sack of Constantinople in 1204 marked a significant deviation from the original religious goals of the Crusades.

Question 10

Pope Innocent III established a judicial body to investigate and punish anyone who challenged the pope's supreme authority, called the

Accepted Answer

The Inquisition was established by Pope Innocent III as a judicial body to investigate and punish heresy and any challenges to the pope's authority.

Question 11

The culture of chivalry was created by

Accepted Answer

The culture of chivalry emerged as the warrior class began to assimilate into the monastic culture of the Christian church, adopting Christian virtues and ideals alongside their martial values. This integration helped to refine and define the chivalric code, blending martial prowess with Christian ethics and courtly manners.

Question 12

When Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade, he also

Accepted Answer

Pope Urban II's call for the First Crusade in 1095 was not only aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslim control but also encouraged Christian rulers in northern Spain to fight against the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, which was part of the broader Christian reconquest effort known as the Reconquista.

Question 13

The Christian Reconquista effort in Spain

Accepted Answer

The Christian Reconquista in Spain was a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from Muslims (Moors) who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula. By 1275, the efforts of the Reconquista had indeed reduced Muslim-held territory in Iberia to the Emirate of Granada, which remained until its conquest in 1492, marking the end of the Reconquista.

Question 14

The goal of the Wendish Crusade was to

Accepted Answer

The Wendish Crusade aimed to wipe out or convert the non-Christian populations of northern and eastern Europe, specifically targeting the pagan Wends.

Question 15

By 1350, Latin Christianity was firmly implanted in all parts of Europe except

Accepted Answer

By 1350, Latin Christianity had spread throughout Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, Scandinavia, and the British Isles. The Orthodox Balkan peninsula remained the exception, where Eastern Orthodox Christianity was predominant due to the influence of the Byzantine Empire.

Question 16

Historians give much of the credit for the Mongols' swift military triumphs and political cohesion to the charismatic authority of the empire-builder

Accepted Answer

The answer of Historians give much of the credit for...

Question 17

The Liao dynasty, a hybrid state that incorporated elements of Chinese bureaucratic governance while retaining the militarized tribal social structure and nomadic lifestyle of the steppe, was established by the

Accepted Answer

The Liao dynasty was established by the Khitans, a nomadic people from the steppes of Central Asia, who managed to create a state that blended their own nomadic traditions with the administrative practices of settled Chinese societies.

Question 18

Chinggis Khan's goal in conquering territory was

Accepted Answer

Chinggis Khan's primary goal in conquering territory was to plunder the goods and resources of the defeated peoples. This was a common practice among nomadic conquerors, including the Mongols, to acquire wealth and sustain their expansive empire.

Question 19

The splitting of Chinggis's Mongol empire into four independent khanates was triggered by

Accepted Answer

The answer of The splitting of Chinggis's Mongol empire into...

Question 20

The Yuan Empire under Qubilai marked the first time all of China had

Accepted Answer

The Yuan Empire, established by Qubilai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, marked the first time all of China had fallen under foreign rule, as it was controlled by the Mongols.

Quiz 13: Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian Integration 1050-1350