Question 1

The effectiveness of a reintegrative shaming strategy tends to presuppose a rather
high level of consensus on the perceived shamefulness of white collar crime.

Accepted Answer

Reintegrative shaming is a theory that suggests that shaming offenders in a way that reintegrates them into society is more effective than stigmatizing them. However, for this strategy to be effective in cases of white-collar crime, there needs to be a high level of consensus on the perceived shamefulness of such crimes. This is because white-collar crime has often been seen as less shameful compared to other forms of crime, leading to a lack of deterrence and low levels of stigma. Therefore, the effectiveness of reintegrative shaming in cases of white-collar crime depends on the extent to which society perceives these crimes as shameful.

Question 2

Community service or restitution are exclusively negative sanctions.

Accepted Answer

Community service and restitution can be viewed as positive sanctions as they provide the offender with the opportunity to make amends and contribute to the community in a meaningful way. Restitution also compensates the victim for harm done to them.

Question 3

Corporate codes of ethics mainly stress the moral responsibilities of corporations
to citizens, consumers, and employees.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Corporate codes of ethics mainly stress the...

Question 4

Ethical problems are one of three ways in which businesses get themselves into
serious trouble.

Accepted Answer

Ethical problems can lead to legal and reputational issues for businesses, making them one of the three ways in which businesses can get into serious trouble, alongside financial and operational problems.

Question 5

The broader application to the criminal law to such matters as worker safety, toxic
dumping, and environmental pollution is uniformly regarded as a positive
development.

Accepted Answer

The application of criminal law to matters like worker safety, toxic dumping, and environmental pollution is not uniformly regarded as positive. Opinions vary, with some viewing it as an effective deterrent and means of accountability, while others criticize it for potentially being overly punitive or for not addressing the root causes of such issues.

Question 6

Historically, corporations have often found it less costly to face civil lawsuits than
to limit profits by fully complying with the law or correcting hazards.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. In the past, many corporations have chosen to prioritize profits over fully complying with the law or correcting hazards, and have accepted the potential cost of civil lawsuits as a result.

Question 7

White collar crime is typically viewed as a highly instrumental crime.

Accepted Answer

White collar crime is often committed for financial gain or to further one's professional career, making it a highly instrumental crime.

Question 8

By the late 1980s, the vast majority of American business schools were offering
some form of business ethics study.

Accepted Answer

By the late 1980s, the importance of ethical behavior in business had become more recognized and accepted, leading to an increase in business ethics courses and programs being offered within American business schools.

Question 9

John Braithwaite's re-introduction of "shaming" as an appropriate element in
responding to white collar crime is based on the view that punishment is likely to
fail if it is "uncoupled" from its moral roots.

Accepted Answer

John Braithwaite believes that punishment for white collar crime needs to be coupled with moral roots and shaming can serve as an appropriate element in this response.

Question 10

By definition, negative sanctions may only be applied through criminal law,
rather than through civil or administrative law.

Accepted Answer

Negative sanctions can be applied through civil or administrative law, not just criminal law.

Question 11

In instances of general deterrence, punished offenders are dissuaded from
committing further offenses after they have had legal sanctions imposed upon
them.

Accepted Answer

General deterrence refers to the idea that punishing an offender serves as a warning to the general public, deterring others from committing similar offenses. It is not focused on preventing the punished offender from reoffending; that concept is known as specific deterrence.

Question 12

According to the text, the contextual forces within a business or organization are
likely to have a more powerful impact than exposure to one or more business
ethics courses.

Accepted Answer

The text states that the contextual forces within a business or organization are likely to have a more powerful impact than exposure to one or more business ethics courses.

Question 13

According to the text, without specific incentives in place to reward ethical
conduct, codes calling for such conduct are unlikely to have any positive effects.

Accepted Answer

The text states that "unless there are specific incentives – either negative or positive – accompanying the code of ethics, the mere existence of such a code is unlikely to have any positive impact on ethical conduct." Therefore, codes without incentives are unlikely to have positive effects.

Question 14

Contemporary deterrence research suggests that the subjective perception of being
sanctioned is more important than the actual probability of it.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary deterrence research has shown that individuals are more likely to be deterred by the subjective perception of being punished than the actual probability of punishment. This means that individuals may be deterred even if the chance of getting caught and punished is low, as long as they perceive the consequences of being caught to be severe and likely. This has important implications for deterrence policies, as it highlights the importance of messaging and communication in shaping individuals' perception of the consequences of their actions.

Question 15

Attempts to encourage whistleblowers to come forward by offering rewards
through the False Claims Act have not proved effective.

Accepted Answer

The False Claims Act has been effective in encouraging whistleblowers to come forward by offering rewards, leading to the recovery of billions of dollars in fraudulently obtained government funds.

Question 16

Corporate ethics programs are generally directed toward the collective conscience
of the corporation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Corporate ethics programs are generally directed toward...

Question 17

Although they are generally antagonistic towards the capitalist state, progressive
criminologists may call for stronger state action against corporate crime.

Accepted Answer

Progressive criminologists may believe that stronger state action is necessary to hold corporations accountable for their criminal activities and to protect the public from harm. Despite being critical of capitalism, they may see the state as having a role to play in regulating and punishing corporate crime.

Question 18

The use of civil procedures allows prosecutors to avoid meeting the stringent
standards of the criminal law for establishing proof and culpability.

Accepted Answer

Civil procedures have a lower burden of proof compared to criminal law, which requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, prosecutors may opt to use civil procedures to pursue cases where they may not have enough evidence to meet the strict standards for criminal prosecution.

Question 19

Research on the effectiveness of moral appeals in promoting taxpayer compliance
has produced somewhat contradictory findings.

Accepted Answer

Research on the effectiveness of moral appeals in promoting taxpayer compliance has indeed produced somewhat contradictory findings.

Question 20

Some evidence suggests that positive sanctions can help increase compliance.

Accepted Answer

Positive sanctions, such as rewards and incentives, have been shown to be effective in promoting compliance with rules and regulations. Studies have demonstrated that individuals are more likely to comply with a desired behavior if they receive positive feedback or a tangible reward for doing so. This approach has been utilized in various settings, including schools, workplaces, and even in public campaigns to encourage health behaviors.

Quiz 12: Responding to the Challenge of White Collar Crime

The effectiveness of a reintegrative shaming strategy tends to presuppose a rather high level of consensus on the perceived shamefulness of white collar crime.

Community service or restitution are exclusively negative sanctions.

Corporate codes of ethics mainly stress the moral responsibilities of corporations to citizens, consumers, and employees.

Ethical problems are one of three ways in which businesses get themselves into serious trouble.

The broader application to the criminal law to such matters as worker safety, toxic dumping, and environmental pollution is uniformly regarded as a positive development.

Historically, corporations have often found it less costly to face civil lawsuits than to limit profits by fully complying with the law or correcting hazards.

White collar crime is typically viewed as a highly instrumental crime.

By the late 1980s, the vast majority of American business schools were offering some form of business ethics study.

John Braithwaite's re-introduction of "shaming" as an appropriate element in responding to white collar crime is based on the view that punishment is likely to fail if it is "uncoupled" from its moral roots.

By definition, negative sanctions may only be applied through criminal law, rather than through civil or administrative law.

In instances of general deterrence, punished offenders are dissuaded from committing further offenses after they have had legal sanctions imposed upon them.

According to the text, the contextual forces within a business or organization are likely to have a more powerful impact than exposure to one or more business ethics courses.

According to the text, without specific incentives in place to reward ethical conduct, codes calling for such conduct are unlikely to have any positive effects.

Contemporary deterrence research suggests that the subjective perception of being sanctioned is more important than the actual probability of it.

Attempts to encourage whistleblowers to come forward by offering rewards through the False Claims Act have not proved effective.

Corporate ethics programs are generally directed toward the collective conscience of the corporation.

Although they are generally antagonistic towards the capitalist state, progressive criminologists may call for stronger state action against corporate crime.

The use of civil procedures allows prosecutors to avoid meeting the stringent standards of the criminal law for establishing proof and culpability.

Research on the effectiveness of moral appeals in promoting taxpayer compliance has produced somewhat contradictory findings.

Some evidence suggests that positive sanctions can help increase compliance.