Question 1

Arlene is 84 years old. As Arlene has gotten older she has begun to use more of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

As people age, they may use more circumlocutions, which are indirect ways of speaking or describing something, often due to difficulties in retrieving specific words.

Question 2

Hailey is asked whether stealing is wrong and Hailey responds that she is certain stealing is always wrong. What is Hailey demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Hailey's response demonstrates pre-reflective thought, where individuals believe their initial beliefs or opinions are correct without critically examining them or considering evidence to the contrary. This stage is characterized by a certainty in one's beliefs without reflection.

Question 3

Jagadesh is 75 years old and an expert mechanical engineer. Although he retired ten years ago other engineers still seek Jagadesh's advice, which he is happy to share. Jagadesh demonstrates Horn and Cattell's concept of which type of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills that a person has acquired through education and experience. Jagadesh's expertise as a mechanical engineer is a result of his years of experience and knowledge acquired through his career, making him an example of someone who demonstrates high levels of crystallized intelligence.

Question 4

Ginny is an excellent problem solver and does well on problems involving abstract reasoning. What does Ginny demonstrate according to Horn and Cattell?

Accepted Answer

Ginny's ability to solve problems involving abstract reasoning indicates her possession of fluid intelligence, which involves the ability to reason and problem-solve in novel or unfamiliar situations.

Question 5

Reine-Louise has gained the ability to acknowledge, regulate, and dissolve negative emotions. This ability demonstrates Ardelt's notion of which dimension of personal wisdom?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reine-Louise has gained the ability to acknowledge,...

Question 6

Which study found that improvements in cognitive task performance transferred to improvements in day-to-day functioning?

Accepted Answer

The ACTIVE study (Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly) found that improvements in cognitive task performance transferred to improvements in day-to-day functioning, specifically in the areas of reasoning, speed of processing, and memory.

Question 7

Based on research discussed in the text, which of the following results in the GREATEST improvement in memory among older adults?

Accepted Answer

According to the text, training on a wide range of memory skills results in the greatest improvement in memory among older adults. This is because training multiple memory skills can have a broader impact on overall cognitive function, compared to focusing on just one or two specific skills. Furthermore, cognitive stimulation programs that incorporate a variety of memory tasks have also been shown to be effective in improving memory in older adults.

Question 8

Which of the following BEST describes the classic aging pattern according to Schaie?

Accepted Answer

Schaie's classic aging pattern suggests that fluid intelligence, which involves the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns, tends to decrease with age. On the other hand, crystallized intelligence, which involves the use of learned knowledge and experience, tends to increase or remain stable as one ages.

Question 9

The text describes a study in which personal wisdom was found to be correlated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The text states that personal wisdom was found to be positively correlated with subjective well-being. There is no mention of a correlation with physical health, amount of daily exercise, or medication use.

Question 10

Tasha works at a long-term care facility and is overheard saying to a resident "Rise and shine sweetie, it's time for your bath!" Which of the following is Tasha using?

Accepted Answer

Tasha is using elderspeak, a form of patronizing speech directed at older adults that involves using simplified language, baby talk, and affectionate terms. This is often unintentional but can be harmful to the self-esteem and autonomy of older adults.

Question 11

Dr. Kumar is writing a paper on the transmission deficit hypothesis. Which of the following will be discussed in the paper?

Accepted Answer

The transmission deficit hypothesis primarily deals with the difficulty in retrieving and producing words, which directly relates to word-finding problems.

Question 12

Jean Piaget has been criticized for not including which of the following in his stages of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development only includes four stages of development that end in adolescence, and does not account for post-formal thought, which includes complexity, nuance, and relativism in thinking that continues to develop beyond adolescence.

Question 13

Clayton has a low IQ, which puts him at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with lower IQ scores are at a higher risk for a range of health issues, including cardiovascular disease. Type 1 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and age-related hearing loss are not specifically associated with lower IQ scores.

Question 14

Elderspeak is an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elderspeak is an example of over-accommodation, which is when individuals use exaggerated or simplified language when communicating with older adults, assuming that they have cognitive or physical limitations.

Question 15

According to Ardelt, which dimension of personal wisdom enables an individual to accept both the positive and negative aspects of human nature?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Ardelt, which dimension of personal...

Question 16

Edward is 80 years old and the people in his community consider him to be very wise and often seek his advice when faced with a wide range of problems. Edward is regarded as having which type of wisdom?

Accepted Answer

General wisdom is associated with knowledge and insights that are valuable across a wide range of problems and situations, which fits the description of Edward's wisdom as sought after by his community for various issues.

Question 17

How is syntactic complexity affected by normal aging?

Accepted Answer

Syntactic complexity is generally stable across the lifespan, indicating that the basic ability to construct sentences does not deteriorate with age.

Question 18

Which of the following was found in the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS)?

Accepted Answer

The Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) found individual variability in how intelligence changes with age.

Question 19

Karishma is a scientist who developed a theory. When new data become available that suggest a modification to the theory, Karishma happily makes the changes that are needed. What is Karishma demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Karishma is demonstrating reflective thought by being open to modifying her theory based on new data. Reflective thought involves actively reflecting on and evaluating one's own beliefs and ideas in light of new information or evidence.

Question 20

Shawna invited her 87-year-old mother Alice out to coffee with her and her daughter Kate. The coffee shop was loud and Shawna and Kate were looking at their phones while they were speaking. Which of the following explains why Alice had a difficult time joining their conversation?

Accepted Answer

Under-accommodation refers to not adjusting communication style to meet the needs of the listener. In this case, Shawna and Kate were not paying attention to Alice and the noisy environment likely made it even more difficult for Alice to join the conversation.

Quiz 4: Cognitive Changes, Post-Formal Thought, and Wisdom