Question 1

According to James E.Marcia's theory,adolescents who actively explore issues but have yet to make any clear commitment are displaying a state of

Accepted Answer

According to James E.Marcia's theory, an adolescent in a state of moratorium actively explores various options to find their own identity, but has yet to make a clear commitment to any particular path. This is in contrast to identity-diffusion, where the person has not yet explored or committed to anything, foreclosure, where the person has made a commitment without exploration, and identity-achievement, where the person has gone through exploration and made a commitment to a certain identity. Therefore, C) moratorium is the best choice for the given description.

Question 2

Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that a strong, positive ethnic identity can lead to greater acceptance and understanding of other cultures. Option A is incorrect because self-esteem levels may vary among individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, and it is not always consistent that minorities have lower self-esteem. Option C is incorrect because acculturation refers to the process of adjusting to a new culture, while ethnic identity is a sense of belonging to a particular group with a shared history, culture, and traditions. Option D is incorrect as the preferences for dolls may vary and may not be generalizable.

Question 3

Children with _________ tend to minimize the value of the domains in which they are not skilled and maximize the satisfaction they gain from their areas of strength.

Accepted Answer

Children with high self-esteem tend to minimize the value of the domains in which they are not skilled and maximize the satisfaction they gain from their areas of strength, as a way to maintain a positive self-image.

Question 4

A child's capacity to wait for some period before obtaining a highly desired object is called

Accepted Answer

The term that describes a child's ability to resist an immediate reward and wait for a later, more significant reward is delay of gratification. The child can resist the immediate gratification of acquiring a highly desired object and delay the satisfaction of that desire. Self-regulation is a broader term that encompasses the ability to manage one's emotions and behavior in different situations. Competence monitoring and activity monitoring are not relevant to the question.

Question 5

A period of intense uncertainty about oneself and one's place in society is called

Accepted Answer

An identity crisis is a period of intense uncertainty and confusion about oneself and one's place in society. It is a common experience during adolescence, as individuals are going through significant physical, emotional, and social changes, and are trying to establish their sense of self and purpose in life. Egocentrism refers to a self-centered perspective, negative attribution involves assigning negative motives to others' actions, and learned helplessness is a sense of powerlessness that arises from repeated failure and lack of control.

Question 6

For infants and toddlers,regulation of behavior might best be labeled co-regulation since children and their caregivers jointly manage behavior.These joint efforts usually revolve around

Accepted Answer

Caregiving demands are central to the co-regulation process as caregivers and children work together to manage behavior, focusing on the child's immediate needs and well-being.

Question 7

When asked about her favorite actor,Macy responds with a shrug.She claims she isn't really interested in films and doesn't have any desire to be.Macy is showing a state of

Accepted Answer

Macy's lack of interest in films and absence of desire to engage with them, without exploring or committing to any particular identity related to this aspect, reflects identity diffusion. This is characterized by an unclear sense of self and a lack of commitment to roles, values, or goals.

Question 8

For most minority families,ethnic socialization is carried out

Accepted Answer

Ethnic socialization is typically carried out within broader child-rearing goals rather than at the expense of them. Minority families want their children to succeed in mainstream society, but they also want them to maintain their cultural identity and values. Therefore, ethnic socialization does not limit broader child-rearing goals, but rather enhances them by helping children navigate their cultural heritage while also succeeding in society.

Question 9

In the younger child,the process of self-regulation may be appropriately called co-regulation because

Accepted Answer

The process of self-regulation in younger children is mainly co-regulation because caregivers play a crucial role in aiding the child's ability to regulate their emotions and behavior. It is through the caregiver's support that the child learns to regulate their emotions and behaviors, eventually leading to self-regulation. Therefore, co-regulation is the most appropriate term for this process in younger children.

Question 10

_________ is defined as the broad,coherent,internalized view of who a person is and what a person wants to be that emerges during adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Personal identity is the best choice as it specifically refers to the internalized view of oneself that develops during adolescence. The term "identity crisis" (choice A) refers to the period of turmoil and confusion that some may experience while trying to establish their personal identity. Self-esteem (choice B) is related to a person's evaluation of their own worth, but is not necessarily linked to their sense of identity. The internal society (choice D) is not a commonly used or recognized term in the context of adolescent development.

Question 11

The Chinese culture places a greater emphasis on humility that the American culture does.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding Susan,an American child,and Ling,a Chinese child,with respect to their senses of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Ling, as a child raised in Chinese culture with a greater emphasis on humility, is more likely to have a lower self-esteem compared to Susan, who was raised in a culture with less emphasis on humility. It is important to note that this is a generalization and individual differences may exist.

Question 12

Delay-of-gratification tasks are often used to

Accepted Answer

Delay-of-gratification tasks require children to resist an immediate reward to obtain a greater reward in the future. These tasks are often used to evaluate a child's ability to regulate their own behavior and impulses, which is linked to self-control and emotional regulation skills. This ability is important for social and academic success, and is not related to self-esteem, intellectual ability, or primary caregiver bonding.

Question 13

Problems associated with the adolescent years seem to be most severe in cultures where greater independence is encouraged.Who is most likely to display the most problems during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Problems associated with the adolescent years seem...

Question 14

________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group.

Accepted Answer

Ethnic identity refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group based on shared cultural characteristics such as language, customs, beliefs, and values. Identification and self-identity are broader concepts that can encompass various aspects of an individual's identity, while private identity is a term that is not commonly used in psychology.

Question 15

Four-year-old Bill was banging on his toy drum when he suddenly remembered that his baby sister was sleeping."Mommy said not to play with the drum when baby sister is sleeping," Bill said to himself out loud.Bill stopped the banging and instead picked up a quiet toy.Bill is showing

Accepted Answer

Bill is demonstrating self-regulation by controlling his behavior and following the rule set by his mother, even when she is not present.

Question 16

_________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _________.

Accepted Answer

Ethnic identity specifically refers to the sense of belonging to a cultural group based on shared characteristics such as race, nationality, or religion. Acculturation is a broader term that refers to the process of adopting cultural practices and values from a different cultural group.

Question 17

Gary avoids wrestling with an issue by simply choosing to accept what the majority of his peers believe.Gary could be labeled as having a status of

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure is a status that occurs when an individual accepts the values, beliefs, and identity that have been handed down to them by their parents or significant authority figures without exploration or considering alternative options. By accepting what the majority of his peers believe, Gary is not exploring other options and is accepting the views of others, which is characteristic of a foreclosure status.

Question 18

The ability of children to control their own behavior to conform to the expectations of caregivers and other adults is called

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation refers to a child's ability to manage their own behavior in accordance with social expectations, which is an important aspect of social-emotional development.

Question 19

Adolescents who have clear views about issues and base these views on their own decision-making are said to have a status of

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who have clear views about issues and have made choices based on personal values and beliefs have achieved their identity, hence they have an identity-achievement status. Choice A (identity-diffusion) refers to a state of confusion or uncertainty about one's identity. Choice B (foreclosure) refers to the adoption of an identity without exploration. Choice C (moratorium) refers to a period of exploration and experimentation in order to establish an identity.

Question 20

Clara and Marvin displayed a high discrepancy between their perceived and desired competence,but Clara perceived greater social support than did Marvin.Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Both the degree of discrepancy (between perceived and desired competence) and social support are important factors influencing self-worth. While gender can also influence self-worth, there is no information provided in the question to suggest that this is the most important factor or that it would necessarily lead to a lower sense of self-worth for Clara. Therefore, it is not appropriate to select option A. Option C is incorrect because it assumes that the level of discrepancy is the only important factor, ignoring the potential impact of social support. Option D is incorrect because while it may be difficult to predict an individual's level of self-worth with certainty, we can make informed predictions based on relevant information, such as the degree of discrepancy and social support in this case.

Quiz 12: Self and Values