In what sense did the original Bill of Rights protect rights and liberties?

Question

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The original Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution) protected individual rights and liberties from actions taken by the national government. It included provisions such as the right to free speech, religion, and assembly, the right to bear arms, and protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. While the Constitution itself applied to actions taken by both the national and state governments, the Bill of Rights only applied to actions taken by the national government. It did not originally protect state or individual rights from actions taken by state governments, although subsequent amendments and court rulings have expanded these protections.

In What Sense Did the Original Bill of Rights Protect