Question 1

Define what is meant by "schizophrenia." Using concepts from the history of schizophrenia,explain how the common misconception that schizophrenia means "split personality" developed and why it is incorrect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define what is meant by "schizophrenia." Using...

Question 2

How is behavioural family therapy used to treat schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Behavioural family therapy for schizophrenia involves providing education about schizophrenia and its treatment, and communication and problem-solving skills to family members. This approach aims to reduce the level of stress within the family and improve the quality of communication between family members, thereby reducing the risk of relapse and improving overall functioning. Token economy (option A) focuses on reinforcement of individual behaviours, whereas BFT is a family-focused intervention. Positive reinforcement of appropriate family interactions by therapists (option C) may be a component of BFT, but is not the main intervention. Although guidelines for identifying and reducing expressed emotion (option D) may be a component of BFT, it is not the primary intervention.

Question 3

As a relatively new approach to schizophrenia,what has cognitive-behavioural therapy been used to treat?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioural therapy has been used to treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It focuses on helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to their symptoms, as well as developing coping strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall functioning. While medication management may also be important in treating schizophrenia, cognitive-behavioural therapy can be a helpful adjunct treatment approach.

Question 4

In the 1970s,researchers set up a treatment system called a "token economy" in a mental health centre.What is the focus of this type of treatment for patients with schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

The focus of a token economy treatment system is on socialization and self-care skills. This type of treatment involves using tokens, such as coins or chips, to reward patients for positive behaviors such as personal hygiene or social interaction, in order to encourage the development of these skills. This system has been used specifically with patients with schizophrenia to improve their ability to function in society.

Question 5

How successful have social skills training programs been for patients with schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Social skills training programs have had some success in improving social skills and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia, but their effects may not be long-lasting and may not generalize to real-world situations outside of the training program. However, the success of these programs is not dependent on whether the patient is on medication or not.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a helpful addition to biological treatment for schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis is not recommended as a helpful addition to biological treatment for schizophrenia, as it is not an evidence-based treatment for this condition. Family intervention, social skills training, and programs in vocational rehabilitation are all recommended as helpful additions to biological treatment for schizophrenia, as they can improve the patient's overall functioning and quality of life.

Question 7

An experimental technique called "transcranial magnetic stimulation" has been used in some patients with schizophrenia.What is the purpose of this treatment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experimental technique called "transcranial magnetic stimulation"...

Question 8

Some patients with schizophrenia are helped to function better in the community by independent living skills programs.Which of the following skills do these programs NOT teach?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some patients with schizophrenia are helped to...

Question 9

Since the latter half of the 20th century,what has been the outcome of the deinstitutionalization policy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Since the latter half of the 20th...

Question 10

What is a "token economy"?

Accepted Answer

A token economy is a system in which individuals earn "tokens" for desirable or appropriate behavior, which can then be exchanged for rewards or privileges. This type of system is often used in psychiatric or behavioral treatment settings, and can be effective in promoting positive behavior change. Choice A is similar, but specifically refers to saving up or banking privileges rather than earning tokens. Choice B involves positive and negative reinforcement, but does not necessarily involve earning tokens. Choice C involves social learning, but does not necessarily involve earning tokens or receiving rewards.

Question 11

Use of antipsychotic medications can cause tardive dyskinesia.When they have been used long-term,what is the possible outcome on these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Tardive dyskinesia symptoms caused by long-term use of antipsychotic medications are often irreversible, meaning they cannot be cured or completely eliminated even after discontinuation of the medication.

Question 12

Chris has schizophrenia and been receiving cognitive-behavioural therapy. What does Chris MOST likely have now?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioural therapy for schizophrenia often focuses on reducing the conviction in delusional beliefs, helping patients to question and re-evaluate their thoughts and perceptions.

Question 13

Psychosocial "clubs" or "clubhouses" for patients with schizophrenia have been formed as a part of some rehabilitation programs.Research indicates that participation in these clubs may help prevent relapses.Why it is difficult to interpret the improvement in these patients?

Accepted Answer

It is difficult to interpret the improvement in patients who participate in psychosocial "clubs" or "clubhouses" because patients who participate may be significantly different from those who don't. This can create a confounding variable that makes it difficult to determine if the improvement is due to the program or other factors such as personal motivation or social support. Additionally, it is important to consider that those who drop out of the program may have different outcomes than those who complete it, which can also make interpretation of the results challenging.

Question 14

In the latter half of the 20th century,which of the following factors did NOT reduce the rate at which persons with schizophrenia were institutionalized?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the latter half of the 20th...

Question 15

What kind of treatment did researchers hope would improve patient compliance in taking antipsychotic medication?

Accepted Answer

Researchers hoped that injections every few weeks would improve patient compliance in taking antipsychotic medication by eliminating the need for daily pill-taking and reducing the burden of remembering to take medication.

Question 16

Which of the following factors is NOT related to patients' noncompliance with a medication regimen for treatment of schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following factors is NOT...

Question 17

What is the general trend in the treatment of schizophrenia today?

Accepted Answer

The general trend in the treatment of schizophrenia today is toward early intervention, with a focus on a combination of biological therapies (such as antipsychotic medications) and psychosocial interventions (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and family therapy). This approach has been found to be most effective in improving outcomes and minimizing relapse rates. There is not a trend toward fewer biological therapies or more psychosocial interventions, and while new psychosurgery techniques are being developed, they are not yet widely used for schizophrenia treatment.

Question 18

In the 1970s,Paul and Lentz applied behavioural principles in the form of a token economy to a traditional inpatient environment.What was the result?

Accepted Answer

The application of a token economy resulted in more patients being able to be discharged. This is because the token economy provided positive reinforcement for desired behaviors and helped patients learn new skills and behaviors that were necessary for successful functioning outside of the hospital environment. Therefore, more patients were able to successfully leave the hospital and continue their recovery in the community.

Question 19

Hailey takes antipsychotic medications and has developed akinesia.Hailey exhibits which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Akinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medication that causes a lack of movement or muscle control. A common symptom of akinesia is an expressionless face. Excited speech (A) and jerky limb movements (C) are not typically associated with akinesia, while hand tremors (D) may indicate a different side effect of the medication.

Question 20

What position regarding the treatment approaches available for schizophrenia do most mental health professionals take today?

Accepted Answer

Most mental health professionals recognize that schizophrenia is primarily a biological disorder and do not believe that psychological factors are the main cause or that traditional psychotherapy alone can cure it.

Quiz 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders