Sometimes, Variables We Are Interested in Researching Are Such That

Sometimes, variables we are interested in researching are such that participants arrive at a study with preexisting levels of these characteristics. Accordingly, these variables cannot be experimentally manipulated. Which of the following are example(s) of variables that cannot be manipulated?

A) political affiliation
B) affective state
C) openness to experience
D) A and B
E) A and C
F) all of the above