Question 1

The course of enuresis typically ______.
A) resolves itself as the child matures
B) requires medication to correct the child's immature nervous system
C) becomes worse as the child matures
D) requires psychotherapy to correct the child's underlying anxieties

Accepted Answer

Enuresis, or bedwetting, is a common developmental disorder in childhood. It typically resolves itself as the child grows and matures. In fact, around 15% of 5-year-olds experience bedwetting, but this decreases to 5% of 10-year-olds and 1% of 18-year-olds. While medication or psychotherapy may be used in some cases, the natural course of enuresis is to improve over time without intervention.

Question 2

Research into the treatment of enuresis has found that ______.
A) neither psychological nor pharmacological treatments are effective
B) psychological treatments are generally more effective than pharmacological treatments
C) pharmacological treatments are generally more effective than psychological treatments
D) both psychological and pharmacological treatments are equally effective

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that psychological treatments, such as behavior modification techniques, are generally more effective than pharmacological treatments for enuresis. These methods often address the underlying behaviors and habits that contribute to enuresis, leading to more sustainable outcomes.

Question 3

Many behavior patterns that are normal for children would be considered abnormal among adults.

Accepted Answer

Many behaviors that are considered normal for a child, such as temper tantrums or thumb sucking, would be seen as abnormal and concerning in an adult.

Question 4

Bedwetting is most likely to happen during the ______, and soiling is most likely to happen during the ______.
A) day, day
B) night, day
C) day, night
D) night, night

Accepted Answer

Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) is most likely to happen during the night, while soiling (encopresis) is most likely to happen during the day.

Question 5

Bedwetting is more common among ______, and soiling is more common among ______.
A) girls, girls
B) boys, girls
C) girls, boys
D) boys, boys

Accepted Answer

Bedwetting (enuresis) is more common among boys, while soiling (encopresis) is more common among boys as well. Girls are still at risk for both conditions, but the prevalence is higher among boys.

Question 6

The DSM-5 describes neurodevelopmental disorders as disorders involving
an impairment of brain functioning or development that affects the child's psychological,
cognitive, social, or emotional development.

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 definition of neurodevelopmental disorders includes impairments of brain functioning or development that impact a child's psychological, cognitive, social, or emotional development.

Question 7

The urine alarm method of treating bedwetting relies on principles of ______.
A) cognitive restructuring
B) response prevention
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

The urine alarm method uses classical conditioning by associating the sensation of a full bladder with waking up, as the alarm sounds when wetness is detected, eventually leading to the child waking up before wetting the bed.

Question 8

Research indicates that compared to drug treatments, the urine alarm method for treating enuresis has the ______ success rate and the ______ relapse rate.
A) lowest, lowest
B) lowest, highest
C) highest, lowest
D) highest, highest

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the urine alarm method has the highest success rate and the lowest relapse rate compared to drug treatments.

Question 9

The urine alarm method approach was introduced by psychologist ______.
A) Leo Kanner
B) Hans Selye
C) O. Hobart Mowrer
D) Ivor Lovaas

Accepted Answer

The urine alarm method approach was introduced by psychologist O. Hobart Mowrer in the 1950s as a behavior therapy technique for treating enuresis (bedwetting) in children.

Question 10

Soiling often appears to follow ______.
A) overeating
B) oversleeping
C) situational stress
D) harsh punishment for previous "accidents"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Soiling often appears to follow ______.
A) overeating
B)...

Question 11

The disorder that characterizes children who have developed bedwetting problems after they have established urinary control is ______.
A) primary enuresis
B) secondary enuresis
C) primary encopresis
D) secondary encopresis

Accepted Answer

Secondary enuresis is the disorder that characterizes children who have developed bedwetting problems after they have established urinary control. Primary enuresis is when a child has never achieved urinary control, primary encopresis is when a child has never achieved fecal control, and secondary encopresis is when a child has developed fecal control but later develops problems with soiling.

Question 12

Evidence indicates that genetic factors are involved in the development of ______.
A) neither primary nor secondary enuresis
B) primary but not secondary enuresis
C) secondary but not primary enuresis
D) both primary and secondary enuresis

Accepted Answer

Genetic factors are primarily associated with primary enuresis, which is bedwetting in children who have never achieved consistent nighttime dryness. Secondary enuresis, which occurs after a period of dryness, is less linked to genetics and more often associated with psychological or environmental factors.

Question 13

According to psychodynamic theorists, enuresis occurs most commonly in children for which of the following reasons?
A) Enuresis represents hostility toward their parents because of harsh toilet training.
B) The child just gained a baby brother or sister.
C) The child is struggling with the Oedipal Complex.
D) Enuresis results from an immature nervous system and the child's inability to recognize bladder tension.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theorists, particularly those following Freudian theories, often interpret enuresis (bedwetting) as a manifestation of unconscious conflicts, such as hostility or rebellion against the parents, potentially stemming from harsh or punitive toilet training experiences.

Question 14

Lack of control over bowel movements that is not due to a physical disorder in a child is called ______.
A) general paresis
B) encopresis
C) enuresis
D) nocturnal enuresis

Accepted Answer

Encopresis is a disorder where a child is unable to control bowel movements, often due to psychological or behavioral issues, rather than physical problems such as bowel disorders. General paresis refers to a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, enuresis refers to lack of control over urination, and nocturnal enuresis specifically refers to bed-wetting at night.

Question 15

According to learning theorists, enuresis occurs most commonly in children ______.
A) whose parents attempted to train them early
B) who just gained a baby brother or sister
C) whose parents are divorcing
D) who have deep-seated hostility toward their parents

Accepted Answer

Learning theorists believe that enuresis is caused by a lack of successful toilet training, so children who have been put through early and unsuccessful training are more likely to develop enuresis. The other choices (B, C, D) do not have a strong theoretical basis for causing bedwetting.

Question 16

Soiling may be best helped through ______ principles.
A) Gestalt
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) aversive conditioning

Accepted Answer

Soiling, which refers to inappropriate elimination by pets, can be best addressed through principles of operant conditioning. This involves reinforcing desirable behaviors (such as using a designated location for elimination) and punishing undesirable behaviors (such as eliminating in inappropriate places). Through consistent application of operant conditioning principles, pets can learn to eliminate in appropriate locations and avoid soiling in unwanted areas. Other conditioning techniques, such as classical conditioning and aversive conditioning, may not be as effective in addressing soiling behaviors. Gestalt principles are unrelated to behavioral conditioning techniques.

Question 17

The disorder that characterizes children who have persistent bedwetting and have never established urinary control is ______.
A) primary enuresis
B) secondary enuresis
C) primary encopresis
D) secondary encopresis

Accepted Answer

Primary enuresis refers to bedwetting in children who have never established urinary control. Secondary enuresis refers to bedwetting in children who have previously been dry for at least 6 months. Primary and secondary encopresis refer to involuntary fecal soiling.

Question 18

Cultural factors help determine whether people view a child's behavior as normal or abnormal.

Accepted Answer

Cultural factors play a significant role in determining what is considered normal or abnormal behavior for children. Different cultures may have different expectations, values, and beliefs about childrearing and socialization, leading to different perspectives on what is appropriate or problematic behavior. For example, some cultures may prioritize obedience and conformity, while others may value independence and self-expression. This can impact how parents, teachers, and other caregivers respond to children's behavior and whether they seek professional help for developmental or mental health concerns.

Question 19

Girls are at greater risk for developing many childhood disorders, ranging from autism to hyperactivity to elimination disorders.

Accepted Answer

Boys are generally at greater risk for developing many childhood disorders, including autism, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and certain elimination disorders, compared to girls.

Question 20

The DSM-5 restricts the diagnosis of encopresis to children of age ______ or those who have achieved equivalent development, or older.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 restricts the diagnosis of encopresis to children of age 4 or those who have achieved equivalent developmental level, or older. This is because it is expected that by age 4, most children have developed sufficient bowel control.

Quiz 13: Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence

The course of enuresis typically ______.

Research into the treatment of enuresis has found that ______.

Many behavior patterns that are normal for children would be considered abnormal among adults.

Bedwetting is most likely to happen during the , and soiling is most likely to happen during the .

Bedwetting is more common among , and soiling is more common among .

The DSM-5 describes neurodevelopmental disorders as disorders involving an impairment of brain functioning or development that affects the child's psychological, cognitive, social, or emotional development.

The urine alarm method of treating bedwetting relies on principles of ______.

Research indicates that compared to drug treatments, the urine alarm method for treating enuresis has the success rate and the relapse rate.

The urine alarm method approach was introduced by psychologist ______.

Soiling often appears to follow ______.

The disorder that characterizes children who have developed bedwetting problems after they have established urinary control is ______.

Evidence indicates that genetic factors are involved in the development of ______.

According to psychodynamic theorists, enuresis occurs most commonly in children for which of the following reasons?

Lack of control over bowel movements that is not due to a physical disorder in a child is called ______.

According to learning theorists, enuresis occurs most commonly in children ______.

Soiling may be best helped through ______ principles.

The disorder that characterizes children who have persistent bedwetting and have never established urinary control is ______.

Cultural factors help determine whether people view a child's behavior as normal or abnormal.

Girls are at greater risk for developing many childhood disorders, ranging from autism to hyperactivity to elimination disorders.

The DSM-5 restricts the diagnosis of encopresis to children of age ______ or those who have achieved equivalent development, or older.