Question 1

According to Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.

Accepted Answer

Tertiary circular reactions are deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Primary circular reactions involve repetitive actions that infants engage in for their own pleasure, while secondary circular reactions involve repeating actions that have an external effect. Principle circular reactions do not exist in Piaget's theory.

Question 2

According to Piaget, ____________________ describe a baby's simple repetitive actions that are organized around the baby's own body.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, primary circular reactions describe a baby's simple repetitive actions that are organized around the baby's own body. Secondary circular reactions involve actions that are repeated because of their effects on the environment, while tertiary circular reactions involve exploring the properties of objects and the world around them. Principle circular reactions do not exist as a category in Piaget's theory.

Question 3

By what age does your text suggest that most infants develop the understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of the infant's sight?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage, which spans from birth to around 2 years of age. In this stage, infants rely on their senses and motor abilities to explore and learn about the world around them. They begin to develop object permanence and the ability to form mental representations towards the end of this stage.

Question 5

According to Piaget, _____________________ describe repetitive actions oriented around external objects.

Accepted Answer

Secondary circular reactions, according to Piaget, describe the stage where infants repeat actions that involve external objects, showing an understanding of the world through repetition of actions that produce effects on the environment.

Question 6

In which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor cognitive development will babies look for partially hidden objects?

Accepted Answer

Looking for partially hidden objects is a characteristic of the third substage of Piaget's sensorimotor cognitive development, which occurs around 8-12 months of age. In this substage, infants can now mentally represent objects and can anticipate their movements, allowing them to search for hidden objects.

Question 7

Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. He has also started looking in the general direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Chun Lee is in the sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) and exhibiting the first substage of primary circular reactions, which involves the repetition of actions that initially occur by chance and the infant's focus is on their own body. Chun Lee's behavior of sticking objects in his mouth is an example of a primary circular reaction.

Question 8

According to your text, which of the following statements is correct concerning challenges to Piaget's theories?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory has been challenged because research has shown that infants have more advanced cognitive abilities than he originally proposed.

Question 9

Which of the following is the best description of tertiary circular reactions?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary circular reactions occur between ages 12-18 months, when a child engages in purposeful exploration through trial-and-error processes. The child is essentially experimenting with cause-and-effect relationships and discovering how the world works. This is a marked shift from earlier circular reactions, which were more reflexive in nature.

Question 10

A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work is known as their "object concept." "Object relations" refers to the ways in which a child forms relationships with objects. "Object permanence" is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. "Objectification" is the act of treating someone or something as an object rather than a person.

Question 11

Which of the following terms is used to describe a strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the infant does not expect?

Accepted Answer

The violation-of-expectations method is a research strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the infant does not expect, in order to examine the infant's understanding of the world. This method is based on the idea that infants will look longer at events that they find surprising or unexpected, providing researchers with a way to measure their understanding of the world. Option A, the violation of object permanence method, is a specific example of the violation-of-expectations method, in which researchers hide an object from the infant's view to test their understanding of object permanence. Option C and D are not valid terms used in infant cognition research.

Question 12

Piaget argued that imitating other people's facial gestures was a complex skill because it required what?

Accepted Answer

Piaget argued that imitating other people's facial gestures was a complex skill because it required the combination of visual and kinesthetic cues, meaning that children needed to integrate what they saw with what they did, coordinating their own bodily movements with the observed movements of others.

Question 13

What did research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 demonstrate regarding deferred imitation?

Accepted Answer

The research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 found that nine-month-olds can defer their imitation for as long as 24 hours. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect since they either provide a shorter deferred imitation period (option A) or a later age range for deferred imitation to occur (option C). Option B is close but still incorrect as the study found that deferred imitation only lasts up to 24 hours, not a week.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the research of Renee Baillargeon?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a correct...

Question 15

In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which substage did Piaget suggest that...

Question 16

Vernon is a 14-month-old toddler. His family laughs when he waves bye-bye because he seems to be waving at himself. Piaget would attribute this twist on the bye-bye wave to which of the following ideas?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that during the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), children learn through imitation of actions they observe in their environment. Vernon's waving is likely an imitation of what he has seen others do when saying goodbye, but he is not yet aware that others are distinct individuals with their own perspectives and intentions. This lack of understanding is called egocentrism.

Question 17

When a child looks for an object in the place where it was last seen and gives up if it is not there, what type of logic are they demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

The A-not-B error refers to a common mistake made by young children when they continue to search for an object in the place where it was previously found (location A) instead of where it was last hidden (location B). If the child gives up searching when the object is not found in location A, it indicates a lack of understanding of the concept of object permanence and the ability to mentally represent the object's location. Representational logic and trial-and-error logic are not as applicable in this scenario.

Question 18

Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Gregory is in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development according to Piaget. This stage lasts from birth to about 2 years old and involves learning about the world through sensory experiences and motor actions. Gregory's behavior of touching and putting things in his mouth is consistent with this stage.

Question 19

Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways - experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget's first cognitive stage?

Accepted Answer

Glynnis is in the tertiary circular reactions substage, which occurs from about 12 to 18 months of age. During this period, children experiment with new things in their environment, showing the behaviors described.

Question 20

Dominic is eight months old. He sees a toy that he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Dominic demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Dominic is showing means-end behavior, which is the ability to use a deliberate strategy to achieve a goal. In this case, he is using the toy in his hand as a means to reach the desired toy. Reflixive behavior is an automatic response to a stimulus, coordination of secondary schemes involves using two or more actions to achieve a goal, and mental representation involves forming mental images or concepts of objects and events.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy