Question 1

A patient was admitted 48 hours ago for injuries sustained while intoxicated. The patient is shaky, irritable, anxious, and diaphoretic. The pulse rate is 130 beats per minute. The patient shouts, "Snakes are crawling on my bed. I've got to get out of here." What is the most accurate assessment of the situation? The patient:
A) is attempting to obtain attention by manipulating staff.
B) may have sustained a head injury before admission.
C) has symptoms of alcohol withdrawal delirium.
D) is having a recurrence of an acute psychosis.

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of agitation, elevated pulse, and perceptual distortions point to alcohol withdrawal delirium, a medical emergency. The findings are inconsistent with manipulative attempts, head injury, or functional psychosis.

Question 2

Which statement most accurately describes substance addiction?
A) A chronic, relapsing brain disease associated with craving and a lack of control over use of a substance.
B) A disorder associated with tolerance to a substance as well as withdrawal symptoms if use is abruptly discontinued.
C) Behaviors associated with habitual use of a substance for the single purpose of altering one's mood, emotion, or state of consciousness.
D) A behavioral disorder associated with selected personality features.

Accepted Answer

Addiction is a disease which involves a lack of control over substance use as well as craving. Habitual use of a substance relates to abuse, not addiction. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when intake is reduced or stopped are not necessarily part of the disease.

Question 3

The treatment team plans care for a person diagnosed with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse. The person has recently used cannabis daily and is experiencing increased hallucinations and delusions. Which principle applies to care planning?
A) Consider each disorder primary and provide simultaneous treatment.
B) The person will benefit from treatment in a residential treatment facility.
C) Withdraw the person from cannabis, and then treat the schizophrenia.
D) Treat the schizophrenia first, and then establish the goals for the treatment of substance abuse.

Accepted Answer

Dual diagnosis (co-occurring disorders) clinical practice guidelines for both outpatient and inpatient settings suggest that the substance disorder and the psychiatric disorder should both be considered primary and receive simultaneous treatments. Residential treatment may or may not be effective.

Question 4

When a person first begins drinking alcohol, two drinks produce relaxation and drowsiness. After 1 year of drinking, four drinks are needed to achieve the same relaxed, drowsy state. Why does this change occur?
A) Tolerance develops
B) The alcohol is less potent
C) Antagonistic effects occur
D) Hypomagnesemia develops

Accepted Answer

Tolerance refers to needing higher and higher doses of a drug to produce the desired effect. The potency of the alcohol is stable. Neither hypomagnesemia nor antagonistic effects would account for this change.

Question 5

A patient admitted yesterday for injuries sustained while intoxicated believes the window blinds are snakes trying to get into the room. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. Which medication can the nurse anticipate the health care provider will prescribe?
A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, such as phenelzine (Nardil)
B) Phenothiazine, such as thioridazine (Mellaril)
C) Benzodiazepine, such as lorazepam (Ativan)
D) Narcotic analgesic, such as morphine

Accepted Answer

This patient is experiencing alcohol withdrawal delirium. Sedation allows for the safe withdrawal from alcohol. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice in most regions because of their high therapeutic safety index and anticonvulsant properties. Antidepressant, antipsychotic, and opioid medications will not relieve the patient's symptoms.

Question 6

Police bring a patient to the emergency department after an automobile accident. The patient is ataxic with slurred speech and mild confusion. The blood alcohol level is 400 mg/dl (0.40 mg %). Considering the relationship between behavior and blood alcohol level, which conclusion can the nurse draw? The patient:
A) rarely drinks alcohol.
B) has a high tolerance to alcohol.
C) has been treated with disulfiram (Antabuse).
D) has recently ingested both alcohol and sedative drugs.

Accepted Answer

A nontolerant drinker would be in a coma with a blood alcohol level of 400 mg/dl (0.40 mg %). The fact that the patient is walking and talking shows a discrepancy between blood alcohol level and expected behavior. It strongly suggests that the patient's body has become tolerant to the drug. If disulfiram and alcohol are ingested together, then an entirely different clinical picture would result. The blood alcohol level gives no information about the ingestion of other drugs.

Question 7

A patient comes to an outpatient appointment obviously intoxicated. The nurse should:
A) explore the patient's reasons for drinking today.
B) arrange admission to an inpatient psychiatric unit.
C) coordinate emergency admission to a detoxification unit.
D) tell the patient, "We cannot see you today because you've been drinking."

Accepted Answer

One cannot conduct meaningful therapy with an intoxicated patient. The patient should be taken home to recover and then make another appointment. Hospitalization is not necessary.

Question 8

A patient with a history of daily alcohol abuse was hospitalized at 0200 today. When would the nurse expect withdrawal symptoms to peak?
A) Between 0800 and 1000 today (6 to 8 hours after drinking stopped)
B) Between 0200 tomorrow and hospital day 2 (24 to 48 hours after drinking stopped)
C) About 0200 on hospital day 3 (72 hours after drinking stopped)
D) About 0200 on hospital day 4 (96 hours after drinking stopped)

Accepted Answer

Alcohol withdrawal usually begins 6 to 8 hours after cessation or significant reduction of alcohol intake. It peaks between 24 and 48 hours, then resolves or progresses to delirium.

Question 9

In the emergency department, a patient's vital signs are: blood pressure (BP), 66/40 mm Hg; pulse (P), 140 beats per minute (bpm); and respirations (R), 8 breaths per minute and shallow. The patient overdosed on illegally obtained hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Select the priority outcome.
A) Within 8 hours, vital signs will stabilize as evidenced by BP greater than 90/60 mm Hg, P less than 100 bpm, and respirations at or above 12 breaths per minute.
B) The patient will be able to describe a plan for home care and achieve a drug-free state before being released from the emergency department.
C) The patient will attend daily meetings of Narcotics Anonymous within 1 week of beginning treatment.
D) The patient will identify two community resources for the treatment of substance abuse by discharge.

Accepted Answer

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) is an opiate drug. The correct answer is the only one that relates to the patient's physical condition. It is expected that vital signs will return to normal when the CNS depression is alleviated. The distractors are desired outcomes later in the plan of care.

Question 10

When working with a patient beginning treatment for alcohol abuse, what is the nurse's most therapeutic approach?
A) Empathetic, supportive
B) Strong, confrontational
C) Skeptical, guarded
D) Cool, distant

Accepted Answer

Support and empathy assist the patient to feel safe enough to start looking at problems. Counseling during the early stage of treatment needs to be direct, open, and honest. The other approaches will increase patient anxiety and cause the patient to cling to defenses.

Question 11

A patient admitted for a heroin overdose received naloxone (Narcan). The patient's breathing pattern improved. Two hours later, the patient reports muscle aches, abdominal cramps, gooseflesh and says, "I feel terrible." Which analysis is correct?
A) The patient is exhibiting a prodromal symptom of seizures.
B) An idiosyncratic reaction to naloxone is occurring.
C) Symptoms of opiate withdrawal are present.
D) The patient is experiencing a relapse.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms given in the question are consistent with narcotic withdrawal and result from administration of naloxone. Early symptoms of narcotic withdrawal are flulike in nature. Seizures are more commonly observed in alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Question 12

A new patient in an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "I'm just a social drinker. I usually have a drink or two at brunch, a few cocktails in the afternoon, wine at dinner, and a few drinks in the evening." Which response by the nurse will help the patient view the drinking more honestly?
A) "I see," and use interested silence.
B) "I think you may be drinking more than you report."
C) "Being a social drinker involves having a drink or two once or twice a week."
D) "You describe drinking steadily throughout the day and evening. Am I correct?"

Accepted Answer

The answer summarizes and validates what the patient reported but is accepting rather than strongly confrontational. Defenses cannot be removed until healthier coping strategies are in place. Strong confrontation does not usually take place so early in treatment.

Question 13

A patient admitted yesterday for injuries sustained in a fall while intoxicated believes snakes are crawling on the bed. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. What is the priority nursing diagnosis?
A) Disturbed sensory perception
B) Ineffective coping
C) Ineffective denial
D) Risk for injury

Accepted Answer

Clouded sensorium, agitation, sensory perceptual distortions, and poor judgment increase the risk for injury. Disturbed sensory perception is an applicable diagnosis, but safety has a higher priority. The scenario does not provide data to support the other diagnoses.

Question 14

A woman in the last trimester of pregnancy drinks 8 to 12 ounces of alcohol daily. The nurse plans for the delivery of an infant who is:
A) jaundiced.
B) dependent on alcohol.
C) healthy but underweight.
D) microcephalic and cognitively impaired.

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is the result of alcohol's inhibiting fetal development in the first trimester. The fetus of a woman who drinks that much alcohol will probably have this disorder. Alcohol use during pregnancy is not likely to produce the findings listed in the distractors.

Question 15

A patient with a history of daily alcohol use says, "Drinking helps me cope with being a single parent." Which response by the nurse would help the individual conceptualize the drinking more objectively?
A) "Sooner or later, alcohol will kill you. Then what will happen to your children?"
B) "I hear a lot of defensiveness in your voice. Do you really believe this?"
C) "If you were coping so well, why were you hospitalized again?"
D) "Tell me what happened the last time you drank."

Accepted Answer

The individual is rationalizing. The correct response will help the patient see alcohol as a cause of the problems, not the solution. This approach can also help the patient become receptive to the possibility of change. The incorrect responses directly confront and attack defenses against anxiety that the patient still needs. They reflect the nurse's frustration with the patient.

Question 16

During the third week of treatment, the spouse of a patient in an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "After discharge, I think everything will be just fine." Which remark by the nurse will be most helpful to the spouse?
A) "It is good that you're supportive of your spouse's sobriety and want to help maintain it."
B) "Although sobriety solves some problems, new ones may emerge as one adjusts to living without alcohol."
C) "It will be important for you to structure life to avoid as much stress as possible. You will need to provide social protection."
D) "Remember that alcoholism is a disorder of self-destruction. You will need to observe your spouse's behavior carefully."

Accepted Answer

During recovery, patients identify and use alternative coping mechanisms to reduce their reliance on alcohol. Physical adaptations must occur. Emotional responses, formerly dulled by alcohol, are now fully experienced and may cause considerable anxiety. These changes inevitably have an effect on the spouse and children, who should be given anticipatory guidance and accurate information.

Question 17

A patient asks for information about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Which is the nurse's best response?
A) "It is a self-help group with the goal of sobriety."
B) "It is a form of group therapy led by a psychiatrist."
C) "It is a group that learns about drinking from a group leader."
D) "It is a network that advocates strong punishment for drunk drivers."

Accepted Answer

AA is a peer support group for recovering alcoholics. The goal is to maintain sobriety. Neither professional nor peer leaders are appointed.

Question 18

A hospitalized patient, injured in a fall while intoxicated, believes spiders are spinning entrapping webs in the room. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. Which nursing intervention has priority?
A) Check the patient every 15 minutes.
B) Rigorously encourage fluid intake.
C) Provide one-on-one supervision.
D) Keep the room dimly lit.

Accepted Answer

This patient is experiencing alcohol withdrawal delirium. One-on-one supervision is necessary to promote physical safety until sedation reduces the patient's feelings of terror. Checks every 15 minutes would not be sufficient to provide for safety. A dimly lit room promotes illusions. Oral fluids are important, but safety is a higher priority.

Question 19

A patient admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "I'm just a social drinker. I usually have a drink or two at brunch, a few cocktails in the afternoon, wine at dinner, and several drinks during the evening." The patient is using which defense mechanism?
A) Rationalization
B) Introjection
C) Projection
D) Denial

Accepted Answer

Minimizing one's drinking is a form of denial of alcoholism. The patient's own description indicates that "social drinking" is not an accurate name for the behavior. Projection involves blaming another for one's faults or problems. Rationalization involves making excuses. Introjection involves taking a quality into one's own system.

Question 20

A patient was admitted one day ago with a hip fracture sustained in a fall while intoxicated. The patient points to the Buck's traction and screams, "Somebody tied me up with ropes." The patient is experiencing:
A) an illusion.
B) a delusion.
C) hallucinations.
D) hypnagogic phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

The patient is misinterpreting a sensory perception when seeing a noose instead of traction. Illusions are common in early withdrawal from alcohol. A delusion is a fixed, false belief. Hallucinations are sensory perceptions occurring in the absence of a stimulus. Hypnagogic phenomena are sensory disturbances that occur between waking and sleeping.

Quiz 19: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Which statement most accurately describes substance addiction?

The treatment team plans care for a person diagnosed with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse. The person has recently used cannabis daily and is experiencing increased hallucinations and delusions. Which principle applies to care planning?

When a person first begins drinking alcohol, two drinks produce relaxation and drowsiness. After 1 year of drinking, four drinks are needed to achieve the same relaxed, drowsy state. Why does this change occur?

A patient admitted yesterday for injuries sustained while intoxicated believes the window blinds are snakes trying to get into the room. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. Which medication can the nurse anticipate the health care provider will prescribe?

A patient comes to an outpatient appointment obviously intoxicated. The nurse should:

A patient with a history of daily alcohol abuse was hospitalized at 0200 today. When would the nurse expect withdrawal symptoms to peak?

In the emergency department, a patient's vital signs are: blood pressure (BP) , 66/40 mm Hg; pulse (P) , 140 beats per minute (bpm) ; and respirations (R) , 8 breaths per minute and shallow. The patient overdosed on illegally obtained hydromorphone (Dilaudid) . Select the priority outcome.

When working with a patient beginning treatment for alcohol abuse, what is the nurse's most therapeutic approach?

A patient admitted for a heroin overdose received naloxone (Narcan) . The patient's breathing pattern improved. Two hours later, the patient reports muscle aches, abdominal cramps, gooseflesh and says, "I feel terrible." Which analysis is correct?

A new patient in an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "I'm just a social drinker. I usually have a drink or two at brunch, a few cocktails in the afternoon, wine at dinner, and a few drinks in the evening." Which response by the nurse will help the patient view the drinking more honestly?

A patient admitted yesterday for injuries sustained in a fall while intoxicated believes snakes are crawling on the bed. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. What is the priority nursing diagnosis?

A woman in the last trimester of pregnancy drinks 8 to 12 ounces of alcohol daily. The nurse plans for the delivery of an infant who is:

A patient with a history of daily alcohol use says, "Drinking helps me cope with being a single parent." Which response by the nurse would help the individual conceptualize the drinking more objectively?

During the third week of treatment, the spouse of a patient in an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "After discharge, I think everything will be just fine." Which remark by the nurse will be most helpful to the spouse?

A patient asks for information about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . Which is the nurse's best response?

A hospitalized patient, injured in a fall while intoxicated, believes spiders are spinning entrapping webs in the room. The patient is anxious, agitated, and diaphoretic. Which nursing intervention has priority?

A patient admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation program says, "I'm just a social drinker. I usually have a drink or two at brunch, a few cocktails in the afternoon, wine at dinner, and several drinks during the evening." The patient is using which defense mechanism?

A patient was admitted one day ago with a hip fracture sustained in a fall while intoxicated. The patient points to the Buck's traction and screams, "Somebody tied me up with ropes." The patient is experiencing: