Question 1

Describe beneficence and give examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe beneficence and give examples....

Question 2

The interpersonal circumplex model is based on two dimensions and polar opposites.

Accepted Answer

The interpersonal circumplex model is based on two dimensions that are polar opposites, namely warmth (friendly vs unfriendly) and dominance (dominant vs submissive).

Question 3

Consent and informed consent originated within medicine, and therefore they have a relatively long history.

Accepted Answer

Consent and informed consent have been used in medicine since at least the 18th century, and the principles have been expanded to other fields such as psychology, law, and research ethics.

Question 4

Discuss autonomy as it relates to informed consent.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

The Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal of 1946 provided insight into the importance of providing informed consent prior to participating in medical procedures.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code, which was created as a result of the Nuremberg Trials, outlines the ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects, including the requirement for informed consent. Therefore, the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal of 1946 did provide insight into the importance of providing informed consent prior to participating in medical procedures.

Question 6

Early efforts at providing consent and informed consent were based on protection and not necessarily a perspective that patients/clients had rights.

Accepted Answer

Early efforts at providing consent and informed consent were focused on protecting patients/clients from harm and ensuring their safety, rather than recognizing their individual rights and autonomy. It wasn't until later that the concept of patient/client rights began to emerge in the healthcare field.

Question 7

Plato would treat a patient before he had consent from the person.

Accepted Answer

In ancient Greece, informed consent was not part of medical practice, and it was not considered necessary to obtain permission from patients before treating them. However, there is no evidence that Plato personally treated patients, and it is unlikely that he advocated for medical treatment without consent.

Question 8

Indicating its importance, the last code in the ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, 2005) states, "The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients".

Accepted Answer

The ACA Code of Ethics emphasizes the importance of respecting the dignity and promoting the welfare of clients, but this is not the last code. The last code typically addresses the importance of ethical behavior and decision-making in professional conduct.

Question 9

Henkelman and Everall (2001) suggested that consent consists of three important components including all but which:

Accepted Answer

The three important components of consent, as suggested by Henkelman and Everall (2001), are demonstrated competence for decision making, voluntariness, and understanding. Feeling forced to participate is not a component of consent.

Question 10

Assent does not hold the same legal status as consent.

Accepted Answer

Assent refers to agreement or willingness to proceed with something, often used in reference to minors who may not have the legal capacity to provide consent. While it is important to obtain assent from minors whenever possible, it does not hold the same legal status as consent which is a valid and informed agreement to participate in a particular action or treatment.

Question 11

What is assent and how would you go about obtaining it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is assent and how would you...

Question 12

One can trace the history of consent back to ancient China.

Accepted Answer

The concept of consent, particularly in legal and ethical contexts, is more commonly traced back to Western philosophical and legal traditions, such as those in ancient Greece and Rome.

Question 13

Providing consent and informed consent prior to the ________ was based on an attempt to obtain compliance, not based on patient rights.

Accepted Answer

Before the 1900s, the concept of providing consent and especially informed consent in medical procedures was more about obtaining compliance from patients rather than genuinely respecting and ensuring their rights. The evolution towards recognizing and prioritizing patient rights, including the right to be fully informed and to give consent freely, became more prominent in the 20th century.

Question 14

One of the early judicial decisions promoting consumer rights in the early 1900s was in Schloendorff v. _____________, which focused on a patient's not giving consent for treatment but treatment's still being provided.

Accepted Answer

Schloendorff v. The Society of the New York Hospital was a landmark case in 1914 that established the legal doctrine of informed consent in medical treatment. The plaintiff, Ms. Schloendorff, was a patient at the hospital who did not consent to the surgery that was performed on her. The court ruled that a physician cannot treat a patient without their informed and voluntary consent, which became a fundamental principle of medical ethics and patient rights.

Question 15

The following perspectives make up the ____________ view: information is provided to the patient/client only if it is determined to be necessary, obtaining informed consent is simply pro forma and not a benefit to the patient/client, and too much patient/client knowledge can impede the treatment.

Accepted Answer

The described perspectives align with the paternalistic view, which places greater importance on the authority and decision-making of the healthcare provider, rather than the autonomy of the patient/client.

Question 16

Beneficence must include both conditions: (a) a need for help where there is an obligation to help and (b) inability to help.

Accepted Answer

Beneficence involves acting in the best interests of others, which includes a need for help where there is an obligation to help, but it does not require an inability to help. In fact, the ability to help is often a prerequisite for beneficence.

Question 17

A medical treatment that contributed to increased monitoring of informed consent concerned the _____________ study, which started in 1932 and ended in 1972.

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a medical research study conducted by the United States Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972. It involved withholding treatment from African American men who had contracted syphilis in order to observe the natural progression of the disease. This unethical study led to increased attention on the need for informed consent and ethical considerations in medical research.

Question 18

The American Counseling Association's (2005) ACA Code of Ethics suggests eight components be included in an informed consent. List and describe four of these components.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The American Counseling Association's (2005) ACA Code...

Question 19

Autonomy as it relates to informed consent is founded in part on virtue ethical theories.

Accepted Answer

Autonomy, or the individual's right to make decisions about their own medical care, is related to virtue ethics, which emphasize the importance of respecting individual autonomy and promoting the common good. This aligns with the principle of informed consent, which requires healthcare providers to provide patients with all the necessary information to make their own decisions about their care.

Question 20

What is fidelity and how does it relate to counseling?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 5: Client Autonomy and Client Rights