Question 1

McCarthy and Warrington observed that some patients showed impairment to a passive phonological store involved in unrelated word list repetition, but were good at repeating sentences, and others showed an impairment to a memory system involving meaningful sentence repetition, but could repeat lists of unrelated words. This is called:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is a double dissociation, as it is the selective impairment of two different cognitive processes in different individuals. This demonstrates that the processes are functionally distinct, as impairment to one does not necessarily imply impairment to the other.

Question 2

Which perspective states that capacity limitations arise from the architecture of the language system, and from individual differences in reading experience?

Accepted Answer

The connectionist perspective argues that capacity limitations in reading arise from both the architecture of the language system and individual differences in reading experience. This perspective focuses on the role of neural networks and their interactions in shaping reading ability.

Question 3

Understanding speech necessitates the auditory analysis of incoming speech in order to access a representation of stored spoken word forms. This happens in the:

Accepted Answer

The phonological input store is responsible for the temporary storage and analysis of incoming speech sounds, allowing for the recognition and access of stored spoken word forms. This process is critical to understanding speech. The other options listed are not directly involved in this process.

Question 4

According to Caplan, most language processes are:

Accepted Answer

According to Caplan, most language processes are mandatory and automatic, meaning they happen without conscious effort or choice.

Question 5

The neuropsychological data suggest that there are:

Accepted Answer

Neuropsychological research indicates that the processes involved in reading, writing, listening, and speaking are supported by distinct lexical systems. This is evidenced by studies of brain injuries and disorders, where damage to specific areas of the brain can selectively impair one of these abilities without affecting the others, suggesting separate neural substrates and mechanisms for each.

Question 6

How many routes can be used for word repetition?

Accepted Answer

There are three primary routes for word repetition: semantic repetition, where the same meaning is conveyed with different words; exact repetition, where the same word or phrase is used multiple times; and morphological repetition, which involves using different forms of the same word.

Question 7

Working memory has a number of components; the most important for language is the:

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop is responsible for holding and manipulating verbal information in working memory, making it the most important component for language processing. The other components listed (short-term memory, articulatory control processes, and visuo-spatial sketchpad) may also play a role in language processing, but are not as central as the phonological loop. The chief corporate executive is not a component of working memory.

Question 8

The size or efficacy of working memory capacity determines:

Accepted Answer

Working memory capacity has been found to be strongly related to reading span, which involves the ability to remember and process information from a set of sentences. Working memory capacity has also been found to have some correlation with mathematical skills, but reading span is a more direct and consistent measure of working memory capacity. There is less evidence to suggest that working memory capacity directly influences spatial skills, second language acquisition, or recognition skills.

Question 9

Who argued that language processing makes use of two distinct working memory systems; one dedicated to controlled verbally mediated tasks, and one dedicated to automatic, obligatory "routine" language processing?

Accepted Answer

Waters and Caplan argued that language processing makes use of two distinct working memory systems; one dedicated to controlled verbally mediated tasks, and one dedicated to automatic, obligatory "routine" language processing.

Question 10

Which of the following predicts success at foreign language vocabulary acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Nonword repetition skills, or the ability to repeat and remember nonsensical words or phrases, have been found to be a strong predictor of success in foreign language vocabulary acquisition. This is because it reflects a person's ability to quickly and accurately memorize new information, which is essential in learning a new language. Matching skills, recognition skills, conservation skills, and spatial skills may all be helpful in some aspects of language learning, but they are not as strongly correlated with success in vocabulary acquisition as nonword repetition skills.

Question 11

The degree of ASTM impairment influences language function. A span reduced to ____________ items, can have profound consequences for language processing, including single-word processing.

Accepted Answer

A span reduced to one or two items can have profound consequences for language processing, including single-word processing. This means that individuals with even mild impairments in working memory may struggle with language tasks that require holding multiple pieces of information in mind.

Question 12

There are some patients with word deafness who still have intact repetition, a condition called:

Accepted Answer

Word meaning deafness is a condition where patients can hear and often repeat words but cannot understand their meaning, which is consistent with the description of having intact repetition despite word deafness.

Question 13

Impairment of the phonological loop hinders the ability to repeat words and nonwords; a condition known as:

Accepted Answer

Impairment of the phonological loop specifically affects the ability to repeat words and nonwords, which is consistent with repetition disorder. Anomia refers to difficulty in naming objects or finding the right words to express oneself, while aphasia is a broader term that encompasses language disorders resulting from brain damage. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that can cause memory loss, among other symptoms. Dyslexia is a learning disorder that primarily affects reading and written language skills, and may involve difficulties with phonological processing.

Question 14

In the two-word repetition task, the participant has to:

Accepted Answer

In the two-word repetition task, the participant is asked to repeat pairs of words back.

Question 15

The main role for the phonological loop is now thought to be limited to:

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop, a component of the working memory model, is primarily involved in the acquisition of new vocabulary. It helps in the temporary storage of phonological information, facilitating the learning of new words by allowing individuals to retain and manipulate sounds, which is crucial for linking sounds with meanings.

Question 16

Language research suggests that there are/is:

Accepted Answer

Language research suggests that there are two phonological stores involved in the phonological loop-the input buffer and the output buffer. The input buffer receives and retains incoming auditory information, while the output buffer serves to temporarily hold verbal information that is being produced. This model is known as the two-store model of the phonological loop.

Question 17

Inner speech is produced by the:

Accepted Answer

Inner speech is a form of self-talk that is not fully articulated, meaning it is not spoken out loud. Therefore, it is produced by the speech production system, but it stops short of full articulation.

Question 18

The contents of the phonological stores are those items in long-term representations that have become highly activated. All levels of linguistic processing may correspond to components of working memory. This is the:

Accepted Answer

The statement talks about the levels of linguistic processing corresponding to components of working memory, indicating the Multiple components idea, which suggests that working memory is composed of different subsystems for different types of information, such as phonological, visuospatial and episodic memory.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered the phonological buffer of language processing?

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop is considered the phonological buffer of language processing. It is responsible for temporarily storing and rehearsing speech-based information, such as spoken words, syllables, or sounds. The phonological loop consists of two components - the phonological store, which is responsible for holding the information, and the articulatory control process, which is responsible for rehearsing the information to prevent it from decaying.

Question 20

The idea that a central memory capacity is used in language comprehension is known as the:

Accepted Answer

The correct term for the idea that a central memory capacity is used in language comprehension is the "Capacity theory of comprehension". None of the other options describe this concept.

Quiz 15: The Structure of the Language System