Question 1

The general linear model (GLM) is the foundation for which of the following statistical analyses?

Accepted Answer

The general linear model (GLM) is the foundation for all of the mentioned statistical analyses - t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression.

Question 2

Which of the following type of sums of squares within the GLM is the basic (default) type for most analyses?

Accepted Answer

Type III sums of squares is the default method for most analyses within the General Linear Model (GLM) because it is designed to provide a more balanced approach to handling unbalanced designs and interactions, making it widely applicable and preferred in many statistical software packages.

Question 3

A covariate in ANCOVA is:

Accepted Answer

A covariate in ANCOVA is a variable the researcher wants to statistically control. The covariate is not necessarily always a pretest measure of the outcome variable, nor is it a second dependent variable or an interaction term.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Adjusted means are computed by controlling for the effect of covariates on the outcome variable, thus reflecting group means on an outcome net of the covariate effect. Option B is not true as adjusted means can be computed when the covariate is pretest measure. Option C is not accurate as the null hypothesis is usually that adjusted group means are equal. Option D is not true as even if the unadjusted group means are equal, the adjusted means may not be equal.

Question 5

An assumption in ANCOVA that is not an assumption in ANOVA is that:

Accepted Answer

ANCOVA assumes that the relationship between the covariate and the dependent variable is equal across groups. This is not an assumption in ANOVA. However, ANOVA assumes that the variance across groups is equal, which is not an assumption in ANCOVA. The normal distribution of the dependent variable and random selection of participants are assumptions that apply to both ANOVA and ANCOVA.

Question 6

Technically, for which of the following designs is ANCOVA most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

ANCOVA is most appropriate for a randomized controlled pretest-posttest design as it allows for the control of pre-existing differences between groups by adjusting the posttest scores based on pretest scores.

Question 7

Effect size for adjusted group differences in ANCOVA is reflected in which of these indexes?

Accepted Answer

Partial eta squared is the index that reflects the effect size for adjusted group differences in ANCOVA. This index represents the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable while controlling for the effects of the covariates. The other options are not relevant to the effect size in ANCOVA.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Change scores are often less reliable than the original measures because they can amplify measurement errors present in the original scores.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a test statistic for MANOVA?

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's test is a test for homogeneity of variances and is not a test statistic for MANOVA. The other choices (Hotelling's trace, Wilk's lambda, Pillai's trace) are all test statistics commonly used in MANOVA.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about MANOVA is not true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about MANOVA...

Question 11

λ is analogous to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

λ (lambda) is analogous to 1 - R², where R² is the coefficient of determination in regression analysis. λ represents the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is not explained by the independent variables.

Question 12

The Box M test is used to evaluate which of the following assumptions?

Accepted Answer

The Box M test is specifically designed to evaluate the homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices across groups, which is a crucial assumption in multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Question 13

A mixed design RM-ANOVA is needed when:

Accepted Answer

CA mixed design RM-ANOVA is used when comparing two or more groups over time (B), which allows for the analysis of both within-subjects (time) and between-subjects (group) effects. It is also appropriate when change scores over time have been computed for two or more groups (C), as it can analyze these changes while accounting for the repeated measures aspect.

Question 14

The test that can be used to assess whether the assumption of sphericity has been violated in a RM-ANOVA is:

Accepted Answer

Mauchly's test is used to assess sphericity assumption in RM-ANOVA.

Question 15

When sphericity has been violated in an RM-ANOVA, which of the following can be used as a correction factor in the analysis?

Accepted Answer

When sphericity has been violated in an RM-ANOVA, the most appropriate correction factor to be used is Epsilon multiplied by degrees of freedom. Epsilon is the measure of sphericity and is used to adjust the denominator degrees of freedom. This correction factor helps to ensure that the F-statistic is not inflated, which can lead to an increased likelihood of false positives. A and B are not correct as they involve multiplying Lambda instead of Epsilon. D is also not correct as it involves multiplying α which is a threshold for significance and not a correction factor for sphericity violation.

Question 16

When the assumption of sphericity has been violated in a mixed-design RM-ANOVA with four time periods, an alternative analysis is:

Accepted Answer

MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) is an appropriate alternative analysis when the assumption of sphericity is violated in a mixed-design Repeated Measures ANOVA, especially with multiple time points or conditions. It handles the intercorrelations among dependent variables more effectively.

Question 17

What is the minimum number of variables in a canonical analysis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the minimum number of variables...

Question 18

In canonical analysis, correlations between the original variables and composite canonical variates are called:

Accepted Answer

Correlations between the original variables and composite canonical variates are called structure coefficients.

Question 19

Discriminant analysis cannot be used when:

Accepted Answer

Discriminant analysis is not appropriate for ratio-level dependent variables as it assumes that the dependent variable is categorical.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about discriminant function analysis is true?

Accepted Answer

The number of discriminant functions in a discriminant analysis equals the number of groups minus one or the number of predictors. Option A is incorrect as canonical analysis is used in different applications than discriminant analysis. Option B is incorrect as a D score is predicted in the unstandardized form of the discriminant equation. Option C is not always true as there can be fewer discriminant functions if the groups are not well-separated.

Quiz 11: Analysis of Covariance, Multivariate Anova, and Related Multivariate Analyses

The general linear model (GLM) is the foundation for which of the following statistical analyses?

Which of the following type of sums of squares within the GLM is the basic (default) type for most analyses?

A covariate in ANCOVA is:

Which of the following statements is true?

An assumption in ANCOVA that is not an assumption in ANOVA is that:

Technically, for which of the following designs is ANCOVA most appropriate?

Effect size for adjusted group differences in ANCOVA is reflected in which of these indexes?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following is not a test statistic for MANOVA?

Which of the following statements about MANOVA is not true?

λ is analogous to which of the following?

The Box M test is used to evaluate which of the following assumptions?

A mixed design RM-ANOVA is needed when:

The test that can be used to assess whether the assumption of sphericity has been violated in a RM-ANOVA is:

When sphericity has been violated in an RM-ANOVA, which of the following can be used as a correction factor in the analysis?

When the assumption of sphericity has been violated in a mixed-design RM-ANOVA with four time periods, an alternative analysis is:

What is the minimum number of variables in a canonical analysis?

In canonical analysis, correlations between the original variables and composite canonical variates are called:

Discriminant analysis cannot be used when:

Which of the following statements about discriminant function analysis is true?