Question 1

The term __________ refers to a theoretical model that has been generally accepted by scientists in a field (such as personality psychology).

Accepted Answer

A paradigm is a generally accepted theoretical model by scientists in a particular field. This term is used in scientific communities to describe a framework of theory and knowledge that is widely accepted within a given field. Constructs, theories, and hypotheses are also terms used in scientific research, but they do not specifically refer to a widely accepted framework within a field.

Question 2

The independent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is manipulated or controlled by the researcher and is expected to cause a change in the dependent variable.

Question 3

Personality may be defined as the underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and
experience.

Accepted Answer

This statement defines personality as the underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience, which is true.

Question 4

Most personality research is idiographic.

Accepted Answer

Most personality research is nomothetic, focusing on general principles that apply across individuals rather than on the unique aspects of individual personalities.

Question 5

One major division among theories, sometimes called the "two disciplines" or "two cultures" of psychology, is between

Accepted Answer

The division between scientific and humanistic approaches is the most commonly referred to "two cultures" or "two disciplines" in psychology. Scientific approaches focus on empirical data and objective measurement, while humanistic approaches emphasize subjective experience and personal growth. This division is often seen as a fundamental divide in the field of psychology.

Question 6

A research study has shown that adolescents who play on sports teams are more likely to be admitted to college than those who do not play sports. From this study, we can conclude that

Accepted Answer

The study shows that there is a relationship between playing sports and being admitted to college. However, the study does not prove a causal relationship in either direction (A and B). Additionally, the study does not provide information about the prevalence of sports participation among college students (C). Therefore, the best choice is D, which reflects the relationship found in the study without making unsupported claims about causation or prevalence.

Question 7

The dependent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is what is being measured or observed and is expected to be influenced by the independent variable. Therefore, it corresponds to the effect that the researcher is trying to measure or observe.

Question 8

A researcher is interested in testing the proposition that watching a lot of television causes increased aggressiveness among children at school. This can be tested by conducting an experiment in which the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

The proposition being tested is whether watching a lot of television causes increased aggressiveness among children at school. Therefore, the independent variable in this experiment would be the amount of television watched, which is represented by choice A. B (being in school), C (aggressiveness), and D (age) are not the independent variable being tested in this experiment.

Question 9

An approach that combines aspects of several different theories is called

Accepted Answer

Eclectic approach combines various aspects of different theories to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This approach is commonly used in counseling, psychology, and psychotherapy.

Question 10

Psychobiography is different from case studies because psychobiography has more emphasis on

Accepted Answer

Psychobiography focuses more on applying psychological theory to understand the life of an individual, often a historical figure, in depth, rather than just describing their behavior or pathology as in case studies.

Question 11

__________ research examines the relationships among two or more variables.

Accepted Answer

Correlational research examines the relationships among two or more variables. This type of research does not involve experimental manipulation of variables, but instead measures how they relate to each other.

Question 12

A personality type is broader than a personality trait.

Accepted Answer

A personality type encompasses a broader range of characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes that define a person, whereas a personality trait refers to a specific aspect of an individual's personality, such as introversion or conscientiousness.

Question 13

An intensive investigation of an individual is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A case study involves an in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group, typically using multiple sources of data, including interviews, observations, and document analysis. It aims to provide a detailed understanding of a particular case or phenomenon, often in a real-life context. A bibliography is a list of sources used in research, an experiment involves manipulating a variable to observe its effects, and psychoanalysis is a specific form of therapy used to treat mental health disorders.

Question 14

Traits, factors, and types all describe personality?

Accepted Answer

Traits, factors, and types are all different ways of describing personality. Traits refer to enduring characteristics of an individual, factors refer to underlying dimensions that explain the variation in traits, and types refer to distinct categories of personality traits.

Question 15

A researcher is interested in testing the proposition that being in a good mood causes increased cooperation among children at school. This can be tested by conducting an experiment in which the dependent variable is

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable in this experiment is the variable that is being measured and is expected to be affected by the independent variable, which is mood. In this case, the dependent variable is cooperation among children at school, as this is the behavior being examined to determine if mood has an impact on it.

Question 16

Correlational research

Accepted Answer

Correlational research is used to identify associations between variables, but it cannot determine whether one variable causes changes in another. Thus, it cannot establish causality in observed relationships among variables. Correlational research involves measuring two or more variables and examining their relationships, but it does not specifically require independent and dependent variables in the way that experimental research does. Therefore, option A and D are incorrect. While correlational research is not as commonly used in personality psychology as other research methods, such as experimental designs, option B is not necessarily true for all researchers in this field.

Question 17

Personality types are quantitative, while traits are not quantitative.

Accepted Answer

Personality types and traits are both quantitative concepts, as they can be measured and quantified through various personality assessments and measurements.

Question 18

Which of the following procedures can determine cause-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

Correlational research and factor analysis cannot determine cause-effect relationships as they only show relationships between variables. The case study can provide insights into a particular case but cannot establish cause-effect relationships in general. Experimental research is the only method that can establish cause-effect relationships through manipulation of an independent variable and measurement of a dependent variable.

Question 19

Which statement best describes the relationship between psychobiography and psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

While psychobiography originally stemmed from a psychoanalytic perspective, it has since expanded to include other psychological theories and perspectives. Psychobiography now encompasses the study of the life of an individual in relation to their historical and cultural context, as well as their personality, behavior, and development.

Question 20

Psychobiography is most useful for

Accepted Answer

Psychobiography involves the in-depth study of an individual's life and personality, often in relation to their historical or cultural context. This approach is most useful for clarifying theoretical statements, as it can provide evidence and examples of how personality theories apply to real-life individuals.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Personality Theory

The term __________ refers to a theoretical model that has been generally accepted by scientists in a field (such as personality psychology) .