Judicial Notice, as a Substitute for Actual Evidence, Authorizes a Judge

Judicial notice, as a substitute for actual evidence, authorizes a judge to:

A) accept appropriate facts as being true, but allow contradictory evidence to dispute the fact that the judge accepted as being true.
B) tell the jury which facts the judge believes to be true so that the jury will not have to deliberate over those facts.
C) accept certain facts as being true so long as both parties in a criminal case stipulate to the truthfulness of those facts.
D) accept appropriate facts as being true without requiring one of the parties to offer formal proof of such facts.