Question 1

The clinical effects of thionamides for hyperthyroid states do not become apparent until stores of thyroid hormones become depleted, which takes about after the start of therapy.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Which one of the following drugs stimulates gonadotrophin release?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Which statement is true about oral hypoglycaemic drugs?

Accepted Answer

Oral hypoglycemic drugs can lower blood sugar levels indirectly by altering liver function or increasing the effectiveness of endogenous insulin, rather than directly lowering blood sugar levels. They are not always the first-line treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus, where insulin therapy is typically required.

Question 4

When administering somatropin produced from recombinant DNA technology in a young child, it is important to monitor:

Accepted Answer

Monitoring for limping is important because somatropin can cause slipped capital femoral epiphysis, which presents as a limp in children.

Question 5

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to a lack of insulin production. Hyperinsulinaemia is not associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and cellular insulin resistance is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pregnancy may temporarily increase insulin resistance but is not a cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 6

Which of the following pituitary hormones is a trophic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Trophic hormones are hormones that stimulate the growth or function of other endocrine glands. Among the given options, only luteinising hormone (LH) fits this description as it stimulates the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) to produce sex hormones. Prolactin plays a role in lactation, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during lactation, and growth hormone stimulates the growth of bone and other tissues. But none of these hormones stimulate the growth or function of other endocrine glands.

Question 7

In cases of growth hormone hyposecretion, therapy involves the use of:

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone hyposecretion can be treated with administration of exogenous growth hormone, also known as somatropin. It stimulates growth, strengthens bones and muscles, and promotes the breakdown of fats.

Question 8

A drug group that tends to raise blood glucose levels is the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A drug group that tends to raise...

Question 9

Generally, L-thyroxine is preferable to liothyronine as therapy in hypothyroid states because:

Accepted Answer

L-thyroxine has a longer duration of action, which allows for less frequent dosing and more stable hormone levels. It is also less cardiotoxic than liothyronine, meaning it has less potential for adverse effects on the heart. Additionally, monitoring hormone levels is easier with L-thyroxine therapy. Therefore, all of the above reasons make L-thyroxine preferable to liothyronine as therapy in hypothyroid states.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the action of iodide solutions for hyperthyroid states?

Accepted Answer

High doses of iodide cause an immediate reduction in the release of thyroid hormone (A) and reduce blood supply to the thyroid gland and make it firmer (B). However, iodide does not have a long half-life, and its effect on reducing the release of thyroid hormone is short-lived, lasting only a few days.

Question 11

Which one of the following actions is not associated with high doses of vasopressin?

Accepted Answer

High doses of vasopressin are associated with vasoconstriction and increased water reabsorption, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in urine output. However, it does not stimulate sodium excretion, as it actually promotes sodium retention. Instead, vasopressin can stimulate coagulation and reduce blood loss associated with haemorrhage. It may also lower blood pressure through vasoconstriction in some cases, but this is not always consistent.

Question 12

Which one of the following physiological responses is not associated with thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Glucose storage in the liver is not directly associated with thyroid hormones. It is primarily regulated by insulin and glucagon. The other options are all known physiological responses associated with thyroid hormones.

Question 13

A serious adverse effect associated with drugs that act like or stimulate release of endogenous gonadotrophin is:

Accepted Answer

Drugs that act like or stimulate release of endogenous gonadotrophin can lead to the development of ovarian cysts, which have the potential to rupture and cause serious adverse effects. The other options are not typically associated with these drugs.

Question 14

The type of insulin preparation with an onset of action around 0.5-1 hour and a duration of action of 6-8 hours is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The type of insulin preparation with an...

Question 15

Which of the oral hypoglycaemic drug groups acts by inducing the release of endogenous insulin?

Accepted Answer

The sulfonylureas act by stimulating the beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin. Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity in the peripheral tissues, glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and biguanides decrease hepatic glucose production.

Question 16

Which one of the following statements about oxytocin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin promotes breast milk let-down and facilitates placental delivery. This is a well-known clinical use of oxytocin in obstetrics. Option A is incorrect as there are also other clinical uses of oxytocin, such as inducing uterine contractions in pregnant women. Option B is incorrect as oxytocin primarily acts as a peptide hormone and neuropeptide, and its main receptor is the oxytocin receptor. Option C is incorrect as oxytocin is synthesized and secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe, not the anterior pituitary lobe.

Question 17

When using desmopressin for renal function testing, effectiveness of treatment is determined by:

Accepted Answer

Monitoring fluid balance is the most appropriate way to determine the effectiveness of treatment with desmopressin for renal function testing. Desmopressin is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone, thus measuring blood levels of antidiuretic hormone is not useful in this context. Measuring blood levels of potassium or urinary levels of sodium is also not relevant for evaluating the effectiveness of desmopressin treatment for renal function testing.

Question 18

Ergot alkaloids are used to treat prolactin hypersecretion. Their mechanism of action is to:

Accepted Answer

Ergot alkaloids, such as bromocriptine and cabergoline, are dopamine agonists that activate dopamine receptors in the pituitary gland. This inhibits prolactin secretion by the lactotroph cells in the pituitary, which helps to treat hyperprolactinemia.

Question 19

An injection of glucagon would be appropriate for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon is a hormone that is used to increase blood glucose levels. It is used to treat drug-induced hypoglycaemia, which occurs when a person's blood glucose levels become too low due to medication. It is not appropriate for the other options as high blood glucose in type 1 diabetes, unstable diabetes insipidus, and hypersensitivity reactions to metformin require different interventions.

Question 20

Glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) is an indicator of:

Accepted Answer

HbA1c is a measure of the average blood glucose level over the last 2-3 months. It reflects longer-term glycaemic control and is used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. A higher HbA1c level indicates poor glycaemic control, while a lower HbA1c level indicates better control. HbA1c is not an indicator of insulin overdose, normal growth in children with diabetes mellitus, or stress.

Quiz 12: The Modulation of Body Growth, Development and Metabolism