Question 1

In the text, the internal colonial model analyzes power imbalances, inequality, and exploitation of which group?
A) Aboriginal people
B) foreign minorities
C) visible minorities
D) language minorities

Accepted Answer

The internal colonial model specifically focuses on the power dynamics between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples within a given society. It analyzes the ways in which colonizing forces have established and maintained control over Indigenous lands and resources, while also examining the ongoing impacts of this colonization on Indigenous peoples' cultures, identities, and well-being. Therefore, the correct choice is A) Aboriginal people.

Question 2

Indian was a label externally imposed on Canada's indigenous peoples. What factors have contributed to the renaming of Canada's indigenous population?
A) indigenous people acquiring more power and renaming themselves
B) the powerlessness of First Nations people to rename themselves
C) an inability to develop a collective identity by First Nations people
D) the dominant culture's apologies and renaming efforts

Accepted Answer

The answer of Indian was a label externally imposed on...

Question 3

Steven argues that the reason Aboriginal people are destitute is a direct result of their poor work ethic and the fact that they don't strive for economic success and achievement. What can Steven's position be related to?
A) colonialization model
B) culture of poverty thesis
C) split labour market theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Steven's position can be related to the culture of poverty thesis, which suggests that poverty is caused by cultural factors such as a lack of motivation and initiative. This thesis has been criticized for blaming individuals for their own poverty and ignoring structural factors such as discrimination and limited opportunities.

Question 4

What are ethnic and racial labels about?
A) power
B) politics
C) wealth
D) correctness

Accepted Answer

Ethnic and racial labels are about power because they are often used to identify and categorize groups of people based on perceived differences and to assign privilege, access, and resources accordingly. These labels can also be used to justify discrimination and inequality.

Question 5

What is the central thesis of the internal colonial model of Aboriginal development?
A) Aboriginal people failed to adequately adapt to changing social conditions.
B) Aboriginal lands were needed to allow settlement of people from Europe.
C) Aboriginal peoples were disempowered by paternalistic government policies.
D) Aboriginal lands were confiscated because of conflicts between colonies.

Accepted Answer

The central thesis of the internal colonial model of Aboriginal development is that Aboriginal peoples were disempowered by paternalistic government policies. This model believes that the European colonization of Indigenous lands created an internal colonial system that resulted in the subjugation of Aboriginal peoples. The government policies enacted to control Indigenous peoples and lands were paternalistic, meaning they were designed to treat Aboriginal people as children in need of protection and guidance rather than as autonomous adults with their own agency. This disempowerment resulted in a range of negative consequences for Aboriginal peoples, from loss of culture and traditions to poor health outcomes and economic insecurity.

Question 6

What conclusion does sociologist Steinberg reach when he critiques a "culture of poverty" explanation?
A) The culture of poverty is the result of poverty, not the cause of poverty.
B) The culture of poverty causes groups to lag behind or get ahead precisely because of their cultural values.
C) The culture of poverty is the cause of continuing and persistent poverty for Aboriginal people.
D) Poverty is all about culture-some cultures simply lack an adequate work ethic.

Accepted Answer

Steinberg concludes that the culture of poverty is the result of poverty, not the cause of poverty. He argues that poverty is the root cause of the cultural traits associated with it, such as a lack of education, job skills, and social networks, and that blaming individuals for their poverty is unfair and unproductive.

Question 7

Which of the following was a feature of residential schools for Indians in Canada?
A) The curriculum was primarily academic, not about manual and domestic labour skills.
B) The goal was to reinforce Aboriginal culture and enhance traditional ways of life.
C) The children could not speak their native tongue or speak with opposite-sex siblings.
D) The residential schools were boarding schools adjacent to or near reserves.

Accepted Answer

Residential schools for Indians in Canada were known for prohibiting the use of Indigenous languages and the separation of siblings of the opposite sex, which contributed to the loss of culture and family traditions. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as the curriculum focused on manual and domestic labour skills, the goal was to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, and the schools were often far from reserves.

Question 8

What was the main goal of the federal government's early policy on Aboriginal people?
A) to segregate Aboriginal peoples into reserves to be among themselves
B) to bring Christianity to all Aboriginal people as part of assimilation
C) to assimilate Aboriginal people into mainstream Canadian society
D) to eliminate poverty by providing training designed to help Aboriginal people

Accepted Answer

The federal government's early policy on Aboriginal people was to assimilate them into mainstream Canadian society. This involved removing children from their families and sending them to residential schools where they were forced to adopt European customs and traditions. The government also implemented policies such as the Indian Act, which aimed to assimilate Aboriginal people by, among other things, taking away their right to vote and restricting their ability to practice their own culture and traditions.

Question 9

An academically outstanding First Nations boy is teased by his reserve chums, who call him an apple: red on the outside, but white on the inside. Embarrassed about not fitting in, this young man's grades soon fall. Which theoretical perspective best predicts this kind of behaviour?
A) split ethnicity theory
B) culture of poverty thesis
C) frustration-aggression thesis
D) new racism theory

Accepted Answer

The culture of poverty thesis suggests that people living in poverty adopt certain behaviors and attitudes that perpetuate their poverty. One aspect of this thesis is the idea that children from poverty-stricken communities may not value education as highly as those from wealthier communities, leading to lower academic achievement. In this scenario, the boy's behavior is influenced by his desire to fit in with his peers, which may be shaped by poverty-related attitudes towards education.

Question 10

According to split labour market theory, which of the following is the most likely to discriminate?
A) highly paid nonwhite workers competing with immigrants for the same jobs
B) recent immigrants from different countries competing for the same jobs
C) white workers (expensive labour) being displaced by immigrants (cheap labour)
D) the state, discriminating against immigrants by limiting access through head taxes

Accepted Answer

Split labour market theory posits that when there are two or more groups of workers who compete for the same jobs, one group will seek to establish dominance over the other by accepting lower wages or worse working conditions. This typically leads to discrimination against the less dominant group. In the scenario presented in option C, white workers (who are more expensive labour) are being displaced by less expensive immigrant labour, which creates a split in the labour market. As a result, white workers are more likely to discriminate against immigrant labour to protect their position in the labour market.

Question 11

What was the basis of the dominance that the Anglophone elite exercised in Quebec, beginning in the eighteenth century?
A) control of social-service institutions
B) the position of the visible minorities
C) control of economic and political affairs
D) the position of informal social structures

Accepted Answer

The dominance that the Anglophone elite exercised in Quebec beginning in the 18th century was primarily based on their control of economic and political affairs. This included access to resources, opportunities for education and employment, and political power. They were able to maintain their dominance through institutions such as the legislative assembly, where they held the majority of the seats, and through control of economic sectors such as banking and industry. This allowed them to establish networks of power and influence that had a significant impact on the social and political structure of Quebec.

Question 12

According to the power-conflict perspective, what is racism?
A) It is the result of solidarity among minority groups, particularly recent immigrants.
B) It is a consequence of biological differences between people, regardless of economics.
C) In a capitalist society, it is an ideology justifying exploitation of minorities and immigrants.
D) It is something that will disappear as class-consciousness increases in capitalist society.

Accepted Answer

The power-conflict perspective sees racism as an ideology that justifies the exploitation of minorities and immigrants in a capitalist society. This perspective emphasizes the role of power dynamics and economic interests in perpetuating racism. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Options A, B, and D do not accurately reflect the power-conflict perspective on racism.

Question 13

What did the Catholic Church do in Quebec during the 19th century?
A) It encouraged the masses to obtain more education.
B) It discouraged workers from forming and joining unions.
C) It promoted Québécois political and economic interests.
D) It advocated that Québécois join labour unions.

Accepted Answer

During the 19th century, the Catholic Church in Quebec actively discouraged workers from forming and joining unions, as they saw it as a threat to their authority and control over the population. The Church was closely tied to the political and economic elite, and thus did not promote Québécois political and economic interests, nor did they advocate that Québécois join labour unions. While the Church did encourage education, this was primarily for religious purposes and not necessarily to improve economic or social conditions for the masses.

Question 14

Over the last 30 years, Canada's "original" settlers have fought to rebrand themselves, renaming their communities, and renaming the overarching label of Indian to Native, Aboriginal, and First Nations. What, essentially, is this process about?
A) prejudice
B) power
C) racism
D) discrimination

Accepted Answer

The process of rebranding is about exerting power and reclaiming agency over their own identity and representation. By choosing their own terms, Indigenous peoples can control how they are viewed and understood by others. It is not solely about prejudice or discrimination, although those factors may have played a role in the need for this process. It is also not solely about racism as the focus is on self-definition rather than a response to racist attitudes.

Question 15

According to power-conflict theories, what is a consequence of racism in capitalist society?
A) Racism in capitalist society encourages the exploited to work harder to get ahead.
B) Racism is based on the competition for scarce resources between companies.
C) Racism serves capitalists by inhibiting class consciousness among the exploited.
D) Racism and class usually coincide, meaning the underclass experiences less exploitation.

Accepted Answer

According to power-conflict theories, racism in capitalist society serves the capitalists by inhibiting class consciousness among the exploited. By dividing the working class along racial lines, it is easier for the capitalists to maintain their power and keep workers from uniting against them.

Question 16

Canada grants visas for foreigners to enter the country at various times and for various reasons. For example, visas are granted to let female Jamaicans work as nannies, to let Mexicans harvest crops, and to let female Russians work as exotic dancers. When these visas expire, the people have to go home. Which theory of ethnic relations best accounts for this kind of practice?
A) primordialist theory
B) social-psychological theory
C) split labour market theory
D) normative theory

Accepted Answer

The split labour market theory best accounts for this practice, as it suggests that employers create a hierarchy among different groups of workers by using race or ethnicity to maintain a cheap source of labor. By granting visas for specific types of work to specific ethnic groups, employers can exploit these workers for their labor and then send them back to their home countries when their visas expire, without having to provide them with permanent residency or citizenship.

Question 17

According to the text, which of the following statements represents a primary distinction between orthodox Marxist theorists and split labour market theorists on racism?
A) Orthodox Marxists assume the middle class is the engine of racist thinking, while split labour market theorists assume that the capitalist class is.
B) Orthodox Marxists assume that the capitalist class is the engine of racist thinking, while split labour market theorists assume that the working class is the engine of racist thinking.
C) Orthodox Marxists assume that the working class is the engine of racist thinking, while split labour market theorists assume that the capitalist class is the engine of racist thinking.
D) Orthodox Marxists assume the working class is the engine of racist thinking, while split labour market theorists assume that the middle class is.

Accepted Answer

The text states that orthodox Marxist theorists assume that the capitalist class is the engine of racist thinking, while split labour market theorists assume that the working class is the engine of racist thinking. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 18

Carrie lost her job to an immigrant from Country X. Carrie is upset because she knows that the immigrant is working for $5 less per hour, so the company is making more profit. However, Carrie's hostility is focused on the immigrant, not the company. What theory would best be used to describe Carrie's reaction?
A) power-conflict theory
B) split labour market theory
C) primordialism
D) Marxist theory

Accepted Answer

Split labour market theory suggests that different groups of workers are pitted against each other in a competition for jobs, which can lead to hostility and resentment towards members of other groups. In this case, Carrie's anger towards the immigrant from Country X is an example of this phenomenon. However, her focus on the individual rather than the company that is benefiting from the situation suggests that power-conflict theory or Marxist theory may not be the best fit for this scenario. Primordialism, which emphasizes the inherent and often unconscious nature of group identities, may also not be directly applicable in this case.

Question 19

Which of the following poses a problem for the Marxist position on race?
A) minority workers discriminating against majority workers
B) the existence of minority-group elites in the capitalist system
C) the fact that racism is a direct, conspiratorial plot of capitalists
D) the lack of evidence that capitalists conspire to be racist

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following poses a problem...

Question 20

Through much of the dinner conversation, Jayden grew increasingly angry with her father who insisted that the people living north of the tree line were Eskimos. She finally left the table, exclaiming that "You don't know what you're talking about." Why would Jayden say this to her father?
A) because there are no people who live north of the tree line
B) because in Canada, the name Inuit has replaced the earlier name Eskimo
C) because in Canada, the preferred name is First Nations
D) because in Canada, the proper terminology is Aboriginal peoples

Accepted Answer

In Canada, the name Eskimo is considered outdated and offensive, and has been replaced by the name Inuit. Jayden may have grown angry with her father for using an incorrect and insensitive term to refer to the people living north of the tree line.

Quiz 8: Race and Ethnic Relations

In the text, the internal colonial model analyzes power imbalances, inequality, and exploitation of which group?

Indian was a label externally imposed on Canada's indigenous peoples. What factors have contributed to the renaming of Canada's indigenous population?

Steven argues that the reason Aboriginal people are destitute is a direct result of their poor work ethic and the fact that they don't strive for economic success and achievement. What can Steven's position be related to?

What are ethnic and racial labels about?

What is the central thesis of the internal colonial model of Aboriginal development?

What conclusion does sociologist Steinberg reach when he critiques a "culture of poverty" explanation?

Which of the following was a feature of residential schools for Indians in Canada?

What was the main goal of the federal government's early policy on Aboriginal people?

An academically outstanding First Nations boy is teased by his reserve chums, who call him an apple: red on the outside, but white on the inside. Embarrassed about not fitting in, this young man's grades soon fall. Which theoretical perspective best predicts this kind of behaviour?

According to split labour market theory, which of the following is the most likely to discriminate?

What was the basis of the dominance that the Anglophone elite exercised in Quebec, beginning in the eighteenth century?

According to the power-conflict perspective, what is racism?

What did the Catholic Church do in Quebec during the 19th century?

Over the last 30 years, Canada's "original" settlers have fought to rebrand themselves, renaming their communities, and renaming the overarching label of Indian to Native, Aboriginal, and First Nations. What, essentially, is this process about?

According to power-conflict theories, what is a consequence of racism in capitalist society?

According to the text, which of the following statements represents a primary distinction between orthodox Marxist theorists and split labour market theorists on racism?

Which of the following poses a problem for the Marxist position on race?

Through much of the dinner conversation, Jayden grew increasingly angry with her father who insisted that the people living north of the tree line were Eskimos. She finally left the table, exclaiming that "You don't know what you're talking about." Why would Jayden say this to her father?