What Robert K. Merton calls "modes of individual adaptation" are essentially the logical possible behavioral alternatives expressed in terms of the acceptance and rejection of goals and norms.

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Robert K. Merton identified five modes of individual adaptation - conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion - that reflect different ways individuals can respond to the disjunction between cultural goals and structural constraints. These modes are based on the acceptance and rejection of goals and norms.