What measures are used as a substitute for policy influence to measure the success of interest groups in Matt Grossmann's chapter?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

All three measures mentioned in the question (media mentions, congressional committee hearing appearances, and mentions in federal court documents) are used as substitutes for policy influence to measure the success of interest groups in Matt Grossmann's chapter. Media mentions can indicate the level of attention and visibility that an interest group receives, which can influence public opinion and shape the policy agenda. Congressional committee hearing appearances can signify the degree to which an interest group is successful in securing opportunities for direct lobbying of lawmakers. Mentions in federal court documents (such as Amicus Curiae briefs) can indicate the extent to which an interest group is able to shape and influence the interpretation of laws and legal precedent. Overall, these measures are used in the absence of direct evidence of policy influence, which can be difficult to observe and measure.

What Measures Are Used as a Substitute for Policy Influence