Question 1

Somatic markers are
A)autonomic emotional responses that are associated with other types of memory representations.
B)the characteristically enlarged ERP responses produced by patients with frontal lobe injuries in response to auditory stimuli.
C)small focal lesions that occur as the result of traumatic injury to the frontal lobes.
D)regions within the somatosensory cortex where there are topographic representations of the body surface.

Accepted Answer

Somatic markers are autonomic emotional responses that are associated with other types of memory representations. They are used in decision making to guide behavior towards or away from certain situations or stimuli based on past experiences.

Question 2

Most children who are asked to sort a set of facial pictures will likely sort on the basis of ________,whereas autistic children will likely sort on the basis of ________.
A)emotional expression / physical features
B)physical features / emotional expression
C)eye gaze / emotional expression
D)emotional expression / eye gaze

Accepted Answer

Most children tend to sort pictures based on emotional expression, recognizing and categorizing faces by the emotions they convey. Autistic children, however, often focus more on physical features such as the shape of the eyes, nose, or mouth, rather than on the emotional expression. This difference highlights the challenges autistic individuals may face in social interactions and emotion recognition.

Question 3

Autistic children are likely to report that ______ when performing the Sally-Anne Task.
A)Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble
B)Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble
C)Sally will move the marble back to its original location
D)Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble

Accepted Answer

Autistic children often have difficulty with theory of mind tasks like the Sally-Anne Task, leading them to predict that Sally will look for the marble where Anne moved it, rather than where Sally originally placed it.

Question 4

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism
A)have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when performing theory of mind tasks.
B)have smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people.
C)do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing non-self-referential tasks.
D)All of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

All three statements are true according to studies of the neural bases of autism. People with autism have been found to have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when performing theory of mind tasks, smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people, and do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing non-self-referential tasks.

Question 5

What might a person with prefrontal damage do upon entering a room containing a hammer,nail,and picture,according to François Lhermitte?
A)Fail to recognize the names or purposes of any of the items
B)Spontaneously provide the name for each of the three objects
C)Use the hammer and nail to hang the picture on the wall
D)Break the picture using the hammer

Accepted Answer

According to François Lhermitte, a person with prefrontal damage might exhibit utilization behavior, where they automatically use objects in their environment without considering the appropriateness of the action, such as using a hammer and nail to hang a picture.

Question 6

In a social faux pas experiment,participants are presented with a scenario in which one character accidentally says something impolite to another character.When people with orbitofrontal damage perform this task,
A)they fail to understand that anything impolite has been said.
B)they understand that something impolite has been said but that it wasn't intended.
C)they believe that the impolite comment was intentional.
D)they begin to imitate the impolite comments,not realizing this is inappropriate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a social faux pas experiment,participants are...

Question 7

Damasio's (1994)somatic marker hypothesis argues that memories of responses we have made in the past
A)receive a "time tag" generated by the prefrontal cortex that allows us to keep track of the temporal order in which these responses were originally generated.
B)are stored in either the left or right hemisphere depending on whether the responses involve linguistic or spatial information.
C)are associated with emotion and autonomic sensations that influence whether we choose to engage in that behavior again.
D)engage the prefrontal cortex,which is organized into topographic maps of sensory memories.

Accepted Answer

The somatic marker hypothesis suggests that memories of past responses are associated with emotions and bodily sensations. These somatic markers influence our decision-making processes by providing positive or negative feedback about potential choices, which helps us make adaptive decisions in the future.

Question 8

The term ________ refers to the observation that people with frontal lobe injuries may demonstrate an abnormal dependence on environmental cues in guiding their behavior and may mimic the actions of those around them.
A)imitative behavior
B)utilization behavior
C)simulation theory
D)theory of mind

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term ________ refers to the observation...

Question 9

Single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies support the idea that the ________ is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states.
A)temporoparietal junction
B)superior temporal sulcus
C)orbitofrontal cortex
D)medial frontal cortex

Accepted Answer

Both single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies suggest that the superior temporal sulcus (STS) is involved in the processing of social cues such as eye gaze in relation to mental states. Studies have shown increased STS activation when viewing gaze shifts and direct gaze compared to averted gaze, and lesions or disruption to this area lead to deficits in social perception and gaze-processing abilities.

Question 10

Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the ________ when performing non-self-referential tasks.This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on ________ rather than ________.
A)medial prefrontal cortex / the external world / internal states
B)medial prefrontal cortex / internal states / the external world
C)temporoparietal junction / their own mental states / the mental states of others
D)temporoparietal junction / the mental states of others / their own mental states

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that people with autism do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex (which is involved in self-referential processing) when performing non-self-referential tasks. This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on internal states (such as their own thoughts and feelings) rather than the external world. Therefore, the best choice is B - medial prefrontal cortex and internal states are both related to the unusual focus seen in people with autism.

Question 11

According to Damasio's (1994)somatic marker hypothesis,linking emotional and autonomic responses to memories of previous behaviors is useful because such connections
A)improve our ability to encode the temporal order of events.
B)allow us to narrow the range of responses from which we choose.
C)facilitate the storage and use of explicit memories.
D)allow us to integrate information from all the senses into coherent memories.

Accepted Answer

According to Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, linking emotional and autonomic responses to memories of previous behaviors helps us narrow the range of responses from which we choose, increasing the likelihood of making advantageous decisions. This is accomplished by creating shortcuts that allow us to quickly access appropriate responses based on the emotional and physiological signals associated with previous experiences.

Question 12

To engage in joint attention,a child will pay attention to
A)the direction of your eye gaze.
B)the content of your speech.
C)your hand gestures.
D)your body language.

Accepted Answer

Joint attention occurs when two individuals focus their attention on the same object or event. One way to initiate joint attention is through eye gaze. Therefore, paying attention to the direction of another person's eye gaze is the best choice for engaging in joint attention. While the content of speech, hand gestures, and body language may also contribute to joint attention, they are not as critical as eye gaze in initiating the shared attention.

Question 13

According to the somatic marker hypothesis,people with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may fail to inhibit socially inappropriate behavior because
A)they are easily distracted and unable to select responses effectively.
B)information about the emotional consequences of their actions has been lost.
C)they have a working memory deficit that makes it difficult for them to consider all of their response options.
D)their injuries produce a general impairment of intellect that makes rational thought difficult.

Accepted Answer

The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that decisions are influenced by bodily responses to emotional stimuli, which are processed in the orbitofrontal cortex. Damage to this area may result in a lack of emotional guidance for decision-making, as individuals lose the ability to use somatic markers to consider the emotional consequences of their actions. This can lead to socially inappropriate behavior. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Question 14

A person with a frontal lobe injury is brought into a doctor's office that contains a typewriter and paper.The person immediately sits down,loads the typewriter with paper,and begins typing.Which term best describes this situation?
A)Imitative behavior
B)Utilization behavior
C)Executive impairment
D)Working memory impairment

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of utilization behavior, which is a type of automatic response to environmental stimuli that results from frontal lobe damage. The person sees the typewriter and paper, and without consciously thinking about it, immediately starts using it. This behavior is not necessarily intentional or goal-directed, but rather automatic and reflexive.

Question 15

What did Ami Klin find when autistic people watched the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
A)They failed to understand the sarcasm in the dialogue.
B)They began to refer to an imaginary child like the characters in the movie.
C)They did not pay attention to the faces and eyes of the characters.
D)They mimicked the lines spoken by Martha but not George.

Accepted Answer

Ami Klin found that when autistic people watched the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, they did not pay attention to the faces and eyes of the characters.

Question 16

In a teasing experiment,people with orbitofrontal injuries and control participants were asked to make up nicknames for an experimenter whom they did not know well.What were the results?
A)The control participants chose flattering nicknames,whereas the people with orbitofrontal injuries chose unflattering ones.
B)The people with orbitofrontal injuries chose flattering nicknames,whereas the control participants chose unflattering ones.
C)The control participants refused to perform the task,finding the idea socially inappropriate.
D)The people with orbitofrontal injuries refused to perform the task,finding the idea socially inappropriate.

Accepted Answer

The experiment found that people with orbitofrontal injuries were more likely to choose unflattering nicknames for the experimenter, while control participants chose flattering nicknames. This suggests that the orbitofrontal cortex may play a role in social behavior and decision-making.

Question 17

Tasks involving thinking about mental states often engage which region of the brain,in comparison to thinking about social background or life events?
A)The left inferior frontal lobe
B)The left precentral gyrus
C)The right temporoparietal junction
D)The right anterior cingulate

Accepted Answer

Thinking about mental states (such as beliefs, intentions, and emotions) activates the right temporoparietal junction, which is involved in understanding others' perspectives and mental states. In contrast, thinking about social background or life events may activate different regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The other options listed do not have as strong of a connection to mental state attribution.

Question 18

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?
A)Both tasks have strong social cognition components.
B)Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate.
C)Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information.
D)Both b and c are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What do mentalizing tasks have in common...

Question 19

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that
A)similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others.
B)similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others,if they are close.
C)similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about others,regardless of whether they are close.
D)three distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self,close others,and acquaintances.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of the perception of the self...

Question 20

Baron-Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities,coining the term mindblindness.
A)aphasia
B)agnosia
C)agraphia
D)autism

Accepted Answer

Baron-Cohen has proposed that people with autism have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining the term mindblindness.

Quiz 14: Social Cognition

Somatic markers are

Most children who are asked to sort a set of facial pictures will likely sort on the basis of ,whereas autistic children will likely sort on the basis of .

Autistic children are likely to report that ______ when performing the Sally-Anne Task.

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism

What might a person with prefrontal damage do upon entering a room containing a hammer,nail,and picture,according to François Lhermitte?

In a social faux pas experiment,participants are presented with a scenario in which one character accidentally says something impolite to another character.When people with orbitofrontal damage perform this task,

Damasio's (1994) somatic marker hypothesis argues that memories of responses we have made in the past

The term ________ refers to the observation that people with frontal lobe injuries may demonstrate an abnormal dependence on environmental cues in guiding their behavior and may mimic the actions of those around them.

Single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies support the idea that the ________ is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states.

Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the when performing non-self-referential tasks.This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on rather than .

According to Damasio's (1994) somatic marker hypothesis,linking emotional and autonomic responses to memories of previous behaviors is useful because such connections

To engage in joint attention,a child will pay attention to

According to the somatic marker hypothesis,people with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may fail to inhibit socially inappropriate behavior because

A person with a frontal lobe injury is brought into a doctor's office that contains a typewriter and paper.The person immediately sits down,loads the typewriter with paper,and begins typing.Which term best describes this situation?

What did Ami Klin find when autistic people watched the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

In a teasing experiment,people with orbitofrontal injuries and control participants were asked to make up nicknames for an experimenter whom they did not know well.What were the results?

Tasks involving thinking about mental states often engage which region of the brain,in comparison to thinking about social background or life events?

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that

Baron-Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities,coining the term mindblindness.