Question 1

From an epidemiology perspective the severity of an injury is defined by the amount of 'time lost'. What are the classifications of injury severity in terms of time lost?

Accepted Answer

The classifications of injury severity in terms of time lost are typically defined as minor (one to seven days), moderately serious (eight to 21 days) or serious (21 or more days or permanent damage). Option A accurately reflects these classifications. Option B does not include a category for injuries that result in between one and 24 hours of time lost, and option C only includes minor and serious categories but not moderately serious. Option D uses a different grading system that may not be consistent with commonly used classifications.

Question 2

From a clinical perspective, injury severity is classified by the amount of structural involvement, physical signs, and extent of dysfunction. What are the classifications of ligament injury severity in a clinical model?

Accepted Answer

The classifications of ligament injury severity in a clinical model are Grade I (mild fibre damage), Grade II (moderate fibre damage), and Grade III (complete rupture of the ligament).

Question 3

What is the definition of mechanism of injury?

Accepted Answer

Mechanism of injury refers to the physical process responsible for given damage to a body system, such as the specific force or motion that caused the injury. It is not simply the description of the inciting event or the risk factors for injury. Tissue response to mechanical loading is also a separate concept.

Question 4

There are many different categorizations of injury mechanisms, which of the following have been proposed by Leadbetter (2001)?

Accepted Answer

Leadbetter (2001) proposed the categorization of injury mechanisms including Contact, Dynamic overload, Overuse, Structural vulnerability, Inflexibility, Impact, and Rapid Growth.

Question 5

Epidemiology is the study of the incidence, distribution and determinants of disease and injury frequency within a given population (Woodward, 2005) Descriptive epidemiology provides the what, the who, the when and the where, by studying what?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive epidemiology provides information on the frequency, or incidence and prevalence of injury occurrence within a given population, including information on the what, who, when, and where of injuries. This information can help identify patterns and inform prevention efforts. Choices A and B pertain more to analytical epidemiology, which aims to identify the causal relationships and risk factors associated with disease and injury occurrence. Choice C is partially correct, as descriptive epidemiology does study the cause of injury, but its main focus is on the frequency and distribution of injury occurrence.

Question 6

What is a risk factor for injury?

Accepted Answer

A risk factor for injury is something that increases an athlete's probability of experiencing an injury. This can include factors such as poor technique, insufficient warm-up or cool-down, previous injury, equipment issues, and environmental factors. It is important to identify and address these risk factors in order to minimize the likelihood of injury.

Question 7

Risk factors may be categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic to the athlete. Extrinsic risk factors are

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic risk factors are those that are external to the athlete, such as the sporting environment, equipment, climate, opponent skill or ability and rules of the game. These factors can increase an athlete's susceptibility to injury, leading to a higher risk of injury. Therefore, all of the options listed in the choices (A, B, and C) are correct extrinsic risk factors.

Question 8

A biomechanist uses the principles and theories of the disciplines of physics and mechanical engineering to describe the forces and force-related (mechanical) factors that lead to injury. In the biomechanical model what relationships determine the outcome of the inciting event?

Accepted Answer

The biomechanical model focuses on the relationship between the load applied to a structure or tissue and the load tolerance of that tissue, which determines the outcome of the inciting event. The other options (A and B) are related to injury risk factors and injury occurrence, but do not directly relate to the biomechanical model.

Question 9

The critical feature for mechanical factors is that they must explain how the inciting event either resulted in a mechanical load in excess of that tolerated under normal circumstances or reduced the tolerance levels to a point at which a normal mechanical load cannot be tolerated (Fung, 1993) The mechanical factors may differ for each tissue and are dependent on

Accepted Answer

Mechanical factors are dependent on multiple factors such as the nature of the load, load rate, frequency of load repetition, magnitude of energy transfer, as well as intrinsic factors such as age, sex and physical condition. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes all the above-mentioned factors.

Question 10

Energy has been referred to as the primary agent of injury and, as such, is one of the most critical biomechanical concepts related to sports injury (Whiting and Zernicke, 2008) Which of the following statements regarding mechanical energy is (are) true?

Accepted Answer

All three statements are true. A) Mechanical energy is indeed the form most commonly related to sports injury. B) Mechanical energy is measured in joules (J). C) The mechanical energy of a body can be classified according to the energy of its motion or the energy related to its position. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 11

Gravitational potential energy refers to?

Accepted Answer

Gravitational potential energy refers to the potential of a body to do work as a function of its height with respect to a reference surface. It is the energy possessed by an object due to its position in a gravitational field. The higher the object is lifted, the greater its gravitational potential energy.

Question 12

What does the principle of conservation of energy indicate for the net work done on a system?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does the principle of conservation of...

Question 13

Transfer of energy is the mechanism by which energy is passed from one body to another. Which of the following is an example of energy transfer in sport?

Accepted Answer

Option B involves the transfer of potential energy to kinetic energy, as the diver depresses the springboard (potential energy) which then recoils and propels them upwards (kinetic energy).Option C involves the transfer of kinetic energy from the arms to the body, as the diver's swinging arms increase their momentum, which is then transferred to the rest of the body during the dive. Therefore, options B and C both involve the transfer of energy and the correct answer is D.

Question 14

Three uni-directional load types are?

Accepted Answer

The three uni-directional load types are Compressive (load that squeezes or shortens an object), Tensile (load that stretches or elongates an object) and Shear (load that causes two parts of an object to slide past each other in opposite directions). Option D lists all three of these load types.

Question 15

When a load is applied to a body, that body may accelerate or the body may change in shape or configuration. Which of the following statements regarding load deformation are true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a load is applied to a...

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding stress are false?

Accepted Answer

The standard (SI) unit of stress is the pascal (Pa), defined as 1 N distributed over 1 m^2, not 1 cm^2.

Question 17

Three principle stresses are: tensile, compressive and shear. What are the non principle stresses commonly experienced in sport?

Accepted Answer

Torsion and bending are non-principal stresses commonly experienced in sports, as they involve twisting and flexing actions, respectively, which are not aligned with the principal stress directions of tension, compression, and shear.

Question 18

Bending is best illustrated in terms of a cantilever beam, when bent, the material on the concave surface of the beam experiences ____________ stress while the material on the convex surface experiences ___________ stress.

Accepted Answer

When a cantilever beam is bent, the material on the concave surface is compressed, while the material on the convex surface is tensile. Therefore, C is the correct choice as it includes compression and tensile stresses.

Question 19

Bending is best illustrated in terms of a cantilever beam. What is the 'neutral axis' of the beam?

Accepted Answer

The neutral axis in a beam is the specific line along which there is no deformation and no stress when the beam is subjected to bending. This axis runs through the material where the fibers of the material are neither compressed nor stretched.

Question 20

The forces acting on the cantilevered beam (Figure 1.5(a) in the text) create a moment on the beam, the bending moment (Mb) Which of the following statements regarding the calculation of bending moment on the beam are false?

Accepted Answer

Statement C is false because the bending moment (M) does not increase proportionally from zero at FL to a value of F at the base of the beam. The bending moment diagram will take a parabolic shape, meaning the maximum bending moment occurs at the base of the beam, where it will be equal to FL/4. Statements A, B, and D are all true.

Quiz 1: Biomechanics of Sports Injury