Question 1

Tara is enraged after finding out that her boyfriend cheated on her. Based on research described in the textbook, which of the following strategies could help Tara reason calmly about the situation?

Accepted Answer

Using third-person language and distancing oneself from the situation can help to regulate emotions and think more rationally. Option B and C could potentially dehumanize the boyfriend and create even more negative emotions, and option D may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying issue.

Question 2

Jeff is standing in line at a movie theater when someone cuts in front of him. Research indicates that Jeff is more likely to show signs of aggression toward the "cutter" if he

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals from southern regions in the United States may have a higher propensity for aggression in response to perceived slights or insults, often referred to as the "culture of honor."

Question 3

Kendrick is angry after being insulted by a classmate. Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to reduce the chances that Kendrick will later behave aggressively toward his classmate?

Accepted Answer

Hitting a punching bag while keeping the image of the insulting classmate in mind is the least likely behavior to reduce the chances that Kendrick will later behave aggressively toward his classmate. This behavior may actually fuel his anger and aggression instead of helping him calm down and process his feelings. The other three options (B, C, and D) all involve techniques for emotional regulation and reducing anger, such as distraction, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal.

Question 4

The ________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.

Accepted Answer

The southern region of the United States has the highest argument-related homicide rates compared to other regions.

Question 5

In the United States, stepchildren who are less than two years of age are one hundred times more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents. Evolutionary psychologists evoke the principle of ________ to explain this disturbing statistic.

Accepted Answer

Inclusive fitness refers to the evolutionary principle that individuals are more likely to invest in and protect those who share their genes, which explains why biological parents may be less likely to abuse their own children compared to stepchildren.

Question 6

It is ninety-five degrees outside and Sheila is sweating profusely and out of breath. When she arrives home from work and sees that her husband has not taken out the trash, she becomes frustrated and angry-more so than she usually would in this situation. Sheila is likely to behave more aggressively toward her husband if she ________ the influence of the heat on her feelings of arousal and ________ the influence of her husband's behavior on her feelings of arousal.

Accepted Answer

Sheila is likely to underestimate the influence of the heat on her feelings of arousal and overestimate the influence of her husband's behavior on her feelings of arousal. This is known as misattribution of arousal, where people can attribute their arousal to the wrong source. In this case, the intense heat may be contributing to Sheila's heightened emotional state, but she may be attributing it solely to her husband's failure to take out the trash.

Question 7

________ is more common among women compared with men.

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression, which involves actions aimed at damaging relationships or social status, is more commonly reported in women than men. This type of aggression includes behaviors such as spreading rumors, excluding others, and using verbal insults. Conversely, men are more likely than women to engage in instrumental violence (violence used to achieve a goal) and hostile violence (violence motivated by anger or a desire to harm). Physical aggression is a broad term that encompasses all forms of violence that involve physical harm, and can be committed by both men and women.

Question 8

Peggy Reeves Sanday's research indicates that rape-prone cultures

Accepted Answer

Sanday's research indicates that rape-prone cultures tend to exhibit high levels of many types of violence. While factors such as geographic location and attitudes towards gender may be present, the common thread in these cultures is a tolerance for and glorification of violence.

Question 9

According to Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen, cultures of honor are defined by concerns over one's reputation for

Accepted Answer

Nisbett and Cohen define cultures of honor as those that value toughness, independence, and self-reliance. Concerns over reputation for toughness and machismo are key components of this cultural orientation.

Question 10

Kyle, an American citizen, is watching a news story about non-U.S. citizens who are being detained for security reasons. Research suggests that Kyle may be more likely to dehumanize the detainees if he is

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kyle, an American citizen, is watching a...

Question 11

Jason and Patrick both participated in an experiment where they were insulted, and their responses were recorded. After being insulted, Jason was more likely to be angry and upset, whereas Patrick was more likely to be amused. According to research on cultures of honor, Jason is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state, and Patrick is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state.

Accepted Answer

Research on cultures of honor suggests that in southern U.S. states, there is a greater emphasis on retaliating against insults and maintaining one's reputation, leading individuals to be more likely to respond with anger and upset. In northern U.S. states, there is less emphasis on retaliating against insults and maintaining one's reputation, leading individuals to be more likely to respond with amusement or disregard.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is NOT among the evidence described by Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen that a culture of honor exists in the southern United States?

Accepted Answer

The evidence described by Nisbett and Cohen does not include Southerners being more likely to endorse pro-rape statements. Their evidence includes items A, C, and D.

Question 13

Peggy Reeves Sanday investigated the connection between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures that she studied. Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings?

Accepted Answer

Sanday's findings suggested that there was no direct or consistent correlation between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures she studied. Cultural factors such as gender hierarchies, power dynamics, and tolerance for violence were found to be more relevant in understanding rape rates.

Question 14

Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that teams wearing black uniforms are often penalized more for aggressive play, possibly due to the color's association with aggression and intimidation.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of rape-prone cultures, as described in research by Peggy Reeves Sanday?

Accepted Answer

Peggy Reeves Sanday's research on rape-prone cultures highlights characteristics such as using rape as an act of war, as a ritual act, or as a threat to maintain female subservience. The portrayal of rape in media is not specifically identified as a characteristic of rape-prone cultures in her research.

Question 16

Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan (2014) have distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, whereas denial of human ________occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.

Accepted Answer

Denial of human uniqueness occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, while denial of human nature occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.

Question 17

Recall that Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performances needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. Results showed that

Accepted Answer

The results showed that participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry. This suggests that the presence of a gun can increase aggression, but only in combination with anger. The presence of a gun alone did not have an effect on aggression.

Question 18

Clayton grew up in a so-called culture of honor. Research conducted by Richard Nisbett, Dov Cohen, and their colleagues suggests that, relative to someone who did not grow up in this kind of culture, Clayton is more likely to act aggressively

Accepted Answer

The culture of honor is characterized by the belief that one's reputation is paramount and must be defended through aggressive means if necessary. Insults, especially those directed towards loved ones or romantic partners, are seen as a challenge to one's honor and may elicit an aggressive response from someone who grew up in this culture.

Question 19

Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen studied regional differences in aggression. Their research indicates that

Accepted Answer

Nisbett and Cohen's research found that southern men were more likely to react with aggression to insults and provocations compared to northern men, indicating a cultural difference in the acceptance of aggression as a response to perceived threats.

Question 20

Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the southern United States because the North was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, but the South was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.

Accepted Answer

According to Nisbett and Cohen's theory, the culture of honor developed in the southern United States because of the region's history of herding agriculture and a need to protect property from raids. They argue that the North was founded by English, Dutch, and German farmers, while the South was settled primarily by Scottish and Irish herders. Therefore, C is the correct choice.

Quiz 13: Aggression