Question 1

The phonics approach to reading
A) claims that as long as reading is kept meaningful, children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.
B) stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words.
C) stresses an appreciation for word concepts in a story context.
D) allows children to decipher meanings of words by reading the words around them.

Accepted Answer

The phonics approach to reading stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, which enables children to decode words.

Question 2

Mrs. Markie, a first-grade teacher, believes that, from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Mrs. Markie takes a ___________ approach to teaching reading.
A) whole-language
B) phonics
C) reciprocal
D) hierarchical

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Markie's approach emphasizes immersion in the whole language rather than focusing solely on phonics or building reading skills in a hierarchical or step-by-step manner. The whole-language approach sees reading as a complex process that involves understanding context, syntax, and meaning as well as decoding individual words.

Question 3

Children who are expert in an area
A) are highly motivated.
B) acquire knowledge slowly, but accurately.
C) have difficulty making sense of information that is outside their area of expertise.
D) have difficulty organizing information.

Accepted Answer

Children who are experts in an area are often highly motivated and passionate about the subject they excel in. They may spend countless hours practicing and learning about this area, which fuels their motivation to continue improving and progressing in their skill.

Question 4

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires
A) a great deal of mental effort and working-memory capacity.
B) concrete pieces of information.
C) combining rehearsal and organization.
D) a greater digit span.

Accepted Answer

Elaboration involves mentally connecting new information with previously learned knowledge, which requires significant mental effort and the ability to hold and manipulate information in working memory. Therefore, it is a later-emerging memory strategy that becomes more effective as working memory capacity develops.

Question 5

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?
A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) elaboration
D) chunking

Accepted Answer

Peter is using elaboration, which involves creating a vivid mental image that links new information to information already stored in long-term memory. The image he creates of a dog talking on a cell phone helps him remember the unrelated words "cellular" and "canine" by connecting them in a memorable way.

Question 6

Aili is aware that she should attend closely to her teacher's directions, group items when memorizing, and reread a complicated paragraph to make sure she understands it, but she does not always engage in these activities. Aili is not yet good at
A) sustained attention.
B) applying memory strategies.
C) cognitive self-regulation.
D) metacognition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aili is aware that she should attend...

Question 7

Yolanda entered school low in phonological awareness. Without ________, Yolanda will probably be behind her agemates in text comprehension skills.
A) early phonics training
B) reading across the curriculum
C) metacognitive training
D) special education services

Accepted Answer

Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words, which is a prerequisite for phonics, the system of correlating sounds with letters. Early phonics training can help Yolanda develop her phonological awareness and improve her text comprehension skills.

Question 8

_________ is a person's set of beliefs about mental activities.
A) Rote memorization
B) Conceptual organization
C) Elaboration
D) Theory of mind

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to a person's ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others, including beliefs, desires, and intentions. It is closely related to a person's set of beliefs about mental activities.

Question 9

When studying for her spelling test, Matilda repeats the proper spelling to herself multiple times. What memory strategy is she using?
A) organization
B) rehearsal
C) elaboration
D) chunking

Accepted Answer

Matilda is using the memory strategy of rehearsal, which involves repeated mental rehearsal or repetition of the information to be remembered. She is repeating the proper spelling multiple times to help herself remember it.

Question 10

Five-year-old Charlotte is asked to memorize a list of words. Charlotte will probably
A) organize well, with strong memory benefits.
B) organize inconsistently, but still receive moderate memory benefits.
C) switch from organization to elaboration strategies with successful memory benefits.
D) organize inconsistently, with little or no memory benefits.

Accepted Answer

Young children like Charlotte often have inconsistent organizational strategies and may not benefit significantly from them in terms of memory retention.

Question 11

In Hong Kong,
A) doctors are hesitant to label a child with ADHD.
B) children are diagnosed with ADHD at less than half the rate in the United States.
C) children are diagnosed with ADHD at more than twice the rate in the United States.
D) girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with ADHD.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Hong Kong,
A) doctors are hesitant to...

Question 12

Throughout elementary and secondary school,
A) most children fail to apply memory strategies.
B) self-regulation predicts academic success.
C) most children show a utilization deficiency.
D) most children show a control deficiency.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that self-regulation, or the ability to monitor and control one's own behavior, is a strong predictor of academic success. This suggests that children who are able to regulate their own learning behaviors, such as using memory strategies, are more likely to do well in school. Utilization deficiency refers to the failure to use memory strategies that one already knows, while control deficiency refers to the inability to use appropriate strategies even when taught. While these are common issues, they are not as strongly tied to academic success as self-regulation.

Question 13

Appreciation of ________________ greatly assists children in understanding others' perspectives.
A) theory of mind
B) second-order false belief
C) elaboration
D) cognitive self-regulation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Appreciation of ________________ greatly assists children in...

Question 14

When studying for his geography test, Brett groups states together by region. What memory strategy is he using?
A) organization
B) elaboration
C) listing
D) rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Brett is using the organization memory strategy by grouping states together by region.

Question 15

Because school-age children have difficulty putting what they know about thinking into action, they are not yet good at
A) cognitive self-regulation.
B) metacognition.
C) problem solving.
D) conservation.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive self-regulation involves the ability to monitor and control one's own thoughts and actions to achieve a desired outcome. While school-age children may have some knowledge of what this means, they struggle to put it into practice consistently. Metacognition, or thinking about one's own thinking, is closely related to cognitive self-regulation and also requires a high level of self-awareness and control. Problem solving and conservation are separate cognitive abilities that may or may not be affected by children's development in the area of self-regulation.

Question 16

When teachers ___________, first graders show greater literacy progress.
A) rely exclusively on the whole language approach
B) rely exclusively on the phonics approach
C) combine real reading and writing with teaching of phonics
D) focus on reading aloud without stopping to concentrate on comprehension

Accepted Answer

The combination of teaching real reading and writing with teaching of phonics has been found to be the most effective approach for promoting literacy progress in first graders. This approach helps children to develop both word recognition skills and comprehension, as well as a love for reading and writing. The other options listed - relying exclusively on whole language or phonics, or focusing only on reading aloud without stopping for comprehension - do not provide as comprehensive a learning experience for first graders.

Question 17

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, _________ continues to facilitate the process.
A) whole-language instruction
B) private speech
C) phonological awareness
D) reciprocal teaching

Accepted Answer

Phonological awareness, or the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words, plays an important role in the development of reading skills. As children progress from emergent literacy to conventional reading, phonological awareness continues to be an important skill to facilitate the decoding and comprehension of written text. While whole-language instruction and reciprocal teaching may also be helpful in promoting reading development, phonological awareness is the most essential skill in this transition. Private speech, or self-talk, is typically used at the emergent literacy stage and becomes less necessary as children develop their reading skills.

Question 18

When her 10-year-old son comes home from school, Mrs. Calder sits down with him and organizes his homework. She makes a list for him of what to tackle first and what to put off until later. She does not ask her son to help with this task. Mrs. Calder
A) is helping her son develop planning strategies.
B) is helping her son with his utilization deficiency.
C) might be robbing her son of opportunities to plan.
D) might be creating an effective strategy use for her son.

Accepted Answer

By organizing her son's homework herself and not allowing him to help, Mrs. Calder may not be giving him opportunities to practice and develop his planning skills. This could potentially hinder his ability to plan and manage tasks in the future.

Question 19

Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of
A) metacognition.
B) academic integrity.
C) academic self-efficacy.
D) false belief.

Accepted Answer

Effective self-regulatory skills help children develop academic self-efficacy, which is the belief in their ability to succeed in academic tasks.

Question 20

Elaboration is most likely to be used by
A) preschoolers.
B) children in early elementary school.
C) adolescents and young adults.
D) children with ADHD.

Accepted Answer

Elaboration involves adding detail and depth to a concept or idea, which is a skill that develops as individuals age and gain more experience. Therefore, it is most commonly used by adolescents and young adults who have had more opportunities to engage in critical thinking and reflective writing. While children in early elementary school may be able to provide some elaboration, it is typically more limited in scope. Preschoolers and children with ADHD may struggle with this skill due to developmental or attentional challenges.

Quiz 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

The phonics approach to reading

Mrs. Markie, a first-grade teacher, believes that, from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Mrs. Markie takes a ___________ approach to teaching reading.

Children who are expert in an area

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?

Aili is aware that she should attend closely to her teacher's directions, group items when memorizing, and reread a complicated paragraph to make sure she understands it, but she does not always engage in these activities. Aili is not yet good at

Yolanda entered school low in phonological awareness. Without ________, Yolanda will probably be behind her agemates in text comprehension skills.

_________ is a person's set of beliefs about mental activities.

When studying for her spelling test, Matilda repeats the proper spelling to herself multiple times. What memory strategy is she using?

Five-year-old Charlotte is asked to memorize a list of words. Charlotte will probably

In Hong Kong,

Throughout elementary and secondary school,

Appreciation of ________________ greatly assists children in understanding others' perspectives.

When studying for his geography test, Brett groups states together by region. What memory strategy is he using?

Because school-age children have difficulty putting what they know about thinking into action, they are not yet good at

When teachers ___________, first graders show greater literacy progress.

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, _________ continues to facilitate the process.

When her 10-year-old son comes home from school, Mrs. Calder sits down with him and organizes his homework. She makes a list for him of what to tackle first and what to put off until later. She does not ask her son to help with this task. Mrs. Calder

Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of

Elaboration is most likely to be used by