Question 1

In Tugade and Fredrickson's (2004) study on the role of positive emotions in dealing with stress, which finding suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress?
A) People who scored high on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
B) People who scored high on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
C) People who scored low on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
D) People who scored low on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.

Accepted Answer

The finding that suggests that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress is that people who scored high on both resilience and positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity. This suggests that positive emotions can act as a buffer against the negative effects of stress.

Question 2

Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
A) the strongest predictor of life outcomes.
B) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after intelligence.
C) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after socioeconomic status.
D) only weakly related to life outcomes.

Accepted Answer

While self-esteem may have some correlation with life outcomes, research has found that it is often only weakly related and other factors such as intelligence and socioeconomic status can have a stronger impact.

Question 3

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, "I became completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people"?
A) Existentialism.
B) Broadening.
C) Resilience.
D) Flow.

Accepted Answer

The quote refers to the concept of "flow," which is a mental state of complete absorption in an activity, where a person is fully focused and loses track of time and other distractions. This concept is often associated with positive psychology and is seen as a key factor in promoting overall well-being and happiness.

Question 4

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except
A) self-actualization.
B) fulfillment of potential.
C) human narcissism and altruism.
D) openness to experience.

Accepted Answer

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes self-actualization, fulfillment of potential, and openness to experience as central goals. It does not emphasize human narcissism and altruism as a core value.

Question 5

Cross-cultural research on the self
A) fully supports Rogers' views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers' views about the need for positive regard.
C) calls into questions some of Rogers' ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers' ideas about the self.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that there are important cultural differences in how people define and understand the self, which challenges some of Rogers' ideas about the universality of self-concept and the importance of positive regard. For example, some cultures prioritize interpersonal relationships and collectivism over individualism, which may lead to different self-construals and self-enhancement strategies. Therefore, it is important to take into account cultural variations when studying the self and its development.

Question 6

During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward
A) greater self acceptance.
B) greater self awareness.
C) greater independence.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Without additional information, it can be assumed that therapy helped Mrs. Oak in multiple areas. Greater self acceptance, self awareness, and independence are common goals of therapy, and it is likely that Mrs. Oak made progress in one or more of these areas. Therefore, the best choice is D, all of the above.

Question 7

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by
A) Goldstein.
B) Maslow.
C) Adler.
D) Frankl.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow developed the concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation."

Question 8

Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those who identify themselves as positive psychologists?
A) Freud placed too much emphasis on psychopathology and psychological distress.
B) Rogers's and Maslow's emphasis on human potentials provided good models for psychological theorizing.
C) The result of Freud having based his theory on his clinical work is that current psychological theories overemphasize human potentials.
D) To bring attention to the positive side of human nature would be to fill in an overly wide gap in our current understanding of individuals.

Accepted Answer

Positive psychologists generally do not hold the view that current psychological theories overemphasize human potentials as Freud's theories did place a heavy emphasis on psychopathology and distress. Positive psychologists instead focus on strengths, virtues, and overall well-being.

Question 9

Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that
A) the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia vs. North America.
B) people in Asia have higher self-esteem than people in North America.
C) self-esteem does not exist in Asia as a distinct psychological variable.
D) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The research by Heine et al. shows that the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia compared to North America, indicating that self-esteem may be viewed as a different psychological construct in different cultural contexts. However, the research does not support the idea that people in Asia have uniformly higher self-esteem or that self-esteem does not exist as a distinct variable in Asia.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?
A) They are accepting of self and others.
B) They conform readily.
C) They are capable of independence.
D) They are capable of intimacy.

Accepted Answer

Self-actualizing people do not conform readily as they have a strong sense of self and individuality. They are capable of independence and often resist social pressures to conform to societal norms. Acceptance of self and others and the ability to form intimate relationships are both characteristics of self-actualizing individuals.

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the personality characteristics emphasized by Maslow in describing self-actualizing individuals?
A) spontaneous and creative.
B) responsiveness to the demands of reality.
C) varied interpersonal relationships with many people.
D) resistance to conformity and assertiveness.

Accepted Answer

Maslow emphasized that self-actualizing individuals had a small number of close interpersonal relationships, rather than many varied ones.

Question 12

In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), it was found that people who experienced _____ emotions during a stressful event experienced ______ stress.
A) Positive; less
B)Fewer; less
C) Positive; more
D) Fewer; more

Accepted Answer

The study found that people who experienced positive emotions during a stressful event experienced less stress.

Question 13

What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues' development of a classification of human strengths?
A) To bring the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists.
B) To foster systematic research on the positive side of human nature.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Seligman and colleagues developed a classification of human strengths with the goal of bringing the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists and fostering systematic research on the positive side of human nature.

Question 14

Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as
A) the "third force."
B) the "final frontier."
C) a lost cause.
D) the only hope for the future.

Accepted Answer

Maslow considered the human potential movement as the "third force" in American psychology, alongside behaviorism and psychoanalysis. He believed that it represented a new perspective that emphasized human uniqueness and self-actualization, and held the potential to address the limitations of the other two forces.

Question 15

Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to as "flow"?
A) A high level of focused attention.
B) Involvement in an activity such that time seems to fly by.
C) A sense of intrinsic enjoyment in the activity.
D) A temporary loss of self-consciousness.
E) All of the above characterize "flow."

Accepted Answer

All of the positive states listed (high level of focused attention, time distortion, intrinsic enjoyment, and temporary loss of self-consciousness) characterize "flow," according to Csikszentmihalyi.

Question 16

The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of
A) the extent to which a person behaves in accord with the self.
B) consistency of behavior across situations.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Accepted Answer

Authenticity is primarily about behaving in a way that is true to one's self, aligning actions with one's values and beliefs.

Question 17

In the case of Mrs. Oak
A) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy but decreased after follow-up.
B) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy and further decreased after follow-up.
C) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy and increased after follow-up.
D) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy but increased after follow-up.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that self-ideal congruence is the degree to which a person's self-concept matches their ideal self. In the case of Mrs. Oak, she initially struggled with feelings of worthlessness and self-doubt, which suggests that her self-concept was not congruent with her ideal self. However, after therapy, Mrs. Oak reported feeling more confident and capable, which suggests that her self-concept became more congruent with her ideal self. This increase in self-ideal congruence was maintained during the follow-up period, indicating that the therapy had a lasting positive impact.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?
A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) elimination of defense mechanism.

Accepted Answer

Although Rogers believed that defense mechanisms could hinder therapeutic progress, he did not emphasize their complete elimination. Rather, he believed their reduction and awareness could facilitate growth. Therefore, the elimination of defense mechanisms is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement.

Question 19

Maslow characterized actualizing people as being
A) able to accept themselves.
B) able to accept others.
C) able to form intimate relationships.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Maslow believed that actualizing people have a strong sense of self-acceptance, acceptance of others, and the ability to form intimate relationships. Therefore, all of the above options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?
A) Autonomy
B) Certainty
C) Competence
D) Relatedness

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory posits that humans have three basic psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Certainty is not included as one of the basic psychological needs in this theory.

Quiz 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory

In Tugade and Fredrickson's (2004) study on the role of positive emotions in dealing with stress, which finding suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress?

Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, "I became completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people"?

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except

Cross-cultural research on the self

During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by

Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those who identify themselves as positive psychologists?

Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?

Which of the following is not one of the personality characteristics emphasized by Maslow in describing self-actualizing individuals?

In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004) , it was found that people who experienced _ emotions during a stressful event experienced __ stress.

What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues' development of a classification of human strengths?

Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as

Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to as "flow"?

The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of

In the case of Mrs. Oak

Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?

Maslow characterized actualizing people as being

Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?