Question 1

Definitions of "violent behaviour" include which of the following components?

Accepted Answer

The definition of violent behaviour includes both intentional acts and non-consenting victims, but it does not necessarily require that serious injury result. Therefore, option E, which includes both A and C, is the best choice.

Question 2

Compared to criminal behaviour, which of the following is true of antisocial behaviour?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Van Langen and colleagues (2014) examined the link between empathy and criminal behaviour across 38 separate studies with a total of more than 6000 participants. They found that offenders displayed lower levels of empathy than non-offenders. Their study illustrates which of the following research designs?

Accepted Answer

The study described is a meta-analysis, as it reviews and synthesizes findings from multiple studies to draw conclusions about the relationship between empathy and criminal behavior.

Question 4

In contrast to criminal behaviour, which of the following is true of antisocial behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Antisocial behaviour refers to behaviours that go against social norms and can cause harm to others or society as a whole. While criminal behaviour is a specific type of antisocial behaviour that violates criminal laws, not all antisocial behaviour is criminal. Antisocial behaviour can be maladaptive, meaning it is harmful to the individual engaging in the behaviour and can negatively impact their relationships and functioning in society. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 5

Longitudinal research has consistently found that a small proportion of individuals are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime. In other words, some people never commit a crime, while a few people are persistent offenders. What is this evidence of?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research on criminal behavior consistently shows that a small proportion of individuals commit a disproportionate amount of crime, indicating inter-individual differences in criminal behavior patterns.

Question 6

The age-crime curve shows that many adolescents engage in some form of criminal behaviour or deviance but, in many cases, these individuals "grow out" of crime by early adulthood. This phenomenon best illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The age-crime curve shows that there are intra-individual differences in criminal behavior, as many individuals eventually "grow out" of crime as they age. This means that it is not necessarily cohort familiarity or crime fatigue that is responsible for the reduction in criminal behavior, but rather that individuals go through a process of maturation and development that leads to changes in behavior. Instrumental violence, which refers to violence committed for a specific purpose or goal, is not directly related to the age-crime curve. Inter-individual differences also play a role in criminal behavior, but are not the primary focus of the age-crime curve.

Question 7

Instrumental violence is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Instrumental violence is characterized by an absence of emotional arousal, as the violence is planned and purposeful rather than impulsive.

Question 8

Reactive violence is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reactive violence is characterized by all of the above, meaning that it involves attacks against those closely related to the offender, spontaneous acts of violence, high emotional arousal, and a prior provocation.

Question 9

The ________ perspective focuses on the influence of social groups and society on criminal behaviour, while the ________ perspective focuses on the mental processes and behaviour of individuals who engage in crime.

Accepted Answer

The sociological perspective focuses on the influence of social groups and society on criminal behaviour, while the psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes and behaviour of individuals who engage in crime.

Question 10

In the Philadelphia birth cohort study, the researchers studied a cohort of males born in 1945 in Philadelphia for approximately eight years (from age 10 to 18 years) to examine causes of delinquency. What is this study an example of?

Accepted Answer

This study is an example of longitudinal research design because it followed a cohort of males over a period of approximately eight years to examine causes of delinquency.

Question 11

A good theory of criminal behaviour must be able to account for which factors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A good theory of criminal behaviour must...

Question 12

A researcher interested in examining why the homicide rate in Canada is so much lower than what is observed in the United States would most likely be using which type or category of theory?

Accepted Answer

The question asks for the possible reason why the homicide rate in Canada is lower than the US. This requires an explanation that considers the societal or environmental factors of the two countries, which falls under macro-level theory. Critical legal theory, common sense, personality theory, and micro-level theory are not as relevant for examining differences in national homicide rates.

Question 13

A protest group complains that Facebook has banned a photo of a mother breastfeeding her child while allowing men to post topless photos of themselves. The protest group argues that this censorship is arbitrary and adversely targets women. This example of censorship is consistent with which theory?

Accepted Answer

The protest group's argument reflects the conflict theory of crime, which views social inequality and power differentials as the driving forces behind criminal behavior and law enforcement. In this case, the group believes that Facebook's censorship policy unfairly targets women and is a product of gender-based power dynamics. This is an example of how conflicts over power and resources can manifest in social institutions and result in unequal treatment of different groups.

Question 14

A review of criminal laws from different jurisdictions across the world reveals that certain behaviours, such as homicide, are universally considered to be criminal. Considering homicide to be illegal is consistent with which theory?

Accepted Answer

The consensus theory of crime suggests that laws and norms are created by a society's general agreement on what is right and wrong. Homicide, as a universally recognized crime, reflects this idea of a shared consensus on what behavior should be criminalized.

Question 15

If you have developed a set of interconnected statements about how viewing violent media is related to violent behaviour in the real world, then what have you developed?

Accepted Answer

Developing a set of interconnected statements about a phenomenon is called a theory.

Question 16

Compare and contrast instrumental violence and reactive violence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast instrumental violence and reactive...

Question 17

What is criminal behaviour? How is crime socially constructed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is criminal behaviour? How is crime...

Question 18

Define the age-crime curve. Using the age-crime curve, distinguish between inter- and intra-individual differences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the age-crime curve. Using the age-crime...

Question 19

Identify three basic research designs and outline their relative strengths and weaknesses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify three basic research designs and outline...

Question 20

Develop three different studies to test the theory that there is a relationship between viewing violent media and real-world aggression. In your answer, provide a definition of theory, and distinguish between major types of theory that might explain the above relationship. In addition, each proposed study should reflect the different research designs discussed in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Develop three different studies to test the...

Quiz 1: Introduction