Question 1

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies (Y). The thickness of the soil (X) in the pot was used as the covariate X. Given the data that follow, where there are three types of soil (n = 10 in each group), (a) calculate the adjusted mean values assuming that b_w = 0.5, and (b) determine what effects the adjustment had on the posttest results. $\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{ccc} \text { Soil Type}&\text { Heights of Daylilies (Y) }&\text { Thickness of Soil }\ \hline 1 & \bar{Y}_{1}=20 & \bar{X}_{.1}=21 \ 2 & \bar{Y}_{.2}=25 & \bar{X}_{22}=18 \ 3 & \bar{Y}_{3}=30 & \bar{X}_{3}=15 \ \hline \end{array} \end{array}$

Accepted Answer

(a) Adjusted mean: . We know that = 20, = 25, = 30; b_w = 0.5; = 21, = 18, = 15. Because it's a balanced design, = (21 + 18 + 15)/3 = 18. We can calculate 20 ? 0.5*(21 - 18) = 18.5; 25 ? 0.5*(18 -18) = 25; 30 ? 0.5*(15- 18) = 31.5. (b) The adjustment moved the mean for Group 1 down by 1.5 units (from 20 to 18.5), and moved the mean for Group 3 up by 1.5 units (from 30 to 31.5). It did not change the mean for Group 2. Therefore, after the adjustment the difference between group means is enlarged. The effects of soil type will become larger and possibly more significant.

Question 2

A market researcher wanted to know whether different package designs for the same yogurt product would affect consumers' purchase intention. There were four different versions of package designs. Each package was viewed by eight participants, who then rated their likelihood to purchase the product. A one-factor ANCOVA was used to analyze the data where the covariate was the participants' liking of the yogurt product in general. Complete the following ANCOVA summary table ($\alpha$ = .05):

$\begin{array}{ccccccc}
\text { Source } & S S & d f & M S & F & \text { Critical Value } & \text { Decision } \
\hline \text { Between adjusted } & 10.5 & - & - & - & - & - \
\text { Within adjusted } & - & - & - & - & - & - \
\text { Covariate } & \overline{35} & - & 5.6 & - & - & - \
\text { Total } & - & & & - & \
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The factor (designs of cereal packages) has 4 levels, so J = 4. Each level has 8 participants, so n = 8, N = 4*8 = 32. There is one covariate (liking of yogurt). df_betw₍_adj₎= J - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3, df_with₍_adj₎ = N - J - 1 = 32 - 4 - 1 = 27, df_cov = 1,df_total = N - 1 = 32- 1 = 31. SS_cov= df_cov*MS_cov = 1*5.6 = 5.6, SS_with₍_adj₎ = SS_total -SS_betw₍_adj₎ -SS_cov = 35 - 10.5 ? 5.6 = 18.9. MS_betw₍_adj₎ = SS_betw₍_adj₎/df_betw₍_adj₎ = 10.5/3 = 3.5. MS_with₍_adj₎ = SS_with₍_adj₎/df_with₍_adj₎ = 18.9/27 = 0.7. F_betw₍_adj₎= MS_betw₍_adj₎/MS_with₍_adj₎= 3.5/0.7 = 5; critical value = _.05F_3,27= 2.96 < F_betw₍_adj₎, reject H₀. F_cov = MS_cov/MS_with_(adj) = 5.6/0.7 = 8; critical value = _.05F₁_,₂₇ = 4.21 < F_cov, reject H₀. $\begin{array}{crrrrrr} \text { Source } & S S & \boldsymbol{d f} & \boldsymbol{M S} & \boldsymbol{F} & \text { Critical Value } & \text { Decision } \ \hline \text { Between adjusted } & 10.5 & 3 & 3.5 & 5 & 05 F_{3,27}=2.96 & \text { Reject } H 0 \ \text { Within adjusted } & 18.9 & 27 & 0.7 & & & \ \text { Covariate } & 5.6 & 1 & 5.6 & 8 & .05 F_{1,27}=4.21 & \text { Reject } H_{0} \ \text { Total } & 35.0 & 31 & & & & \ \hline \end{array}$

Question 3

Mike wanted to examine whether people remembered information better with auditory cues or with visual cues. He recruited 14 participants and randomly assigned seven participants to each of the two groups: one group heard a list of words from headphones, and the other group saw the same list of words from the screen. The participants were then asked to write down as many words as they could remember. The dependent variable was the number of words correctly remembered (Y), and the covariate was the participants' score on a memory test (X) administered before the experiment. Using the data below, conduct an ANOVA on Y and an ANCOVA on Y using X as a covariate, and compare the results ($\alpha$ = .05). Determine the unadjusted and adjusted means.

$\begin{array}{c}
\text { Auditory Cue (Headphone) } \quad\quad \quad   \text { Visual Cue (Screen) }\
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \quad \quad X \quad \quad  & \quad\quad Y \quad \quad &\quad \quad  X \quad \quad  & \quad \quad Y\quad \quad  \
\hline 80 & 10 & 75 & 13 \
\hline 75 & 9 & 90 & 20 \
\hline 95 & 16 & 65 & 8 \
\hline 60 & 4 & 70 & 9 \
\hline 70 & 11 & 80 & 15 \
\hline 65 & 8 & 85 & 13 \
\hline 90 & 15 & 75 & 12 \
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

Procedure: Create a data set with three variables: Memory (covariate), Words (dependent variable), and Group (factor with 2 levels). The data set should have 14 cases. To conduct ANOVA: Analyze $\rightarrow$ General Linear Model $\rightarrow$ Univariate. $\bullet$Select Words as the Dependent Variable. Select Group as the Fixed Factor. $\bullet$Go to Options. Select Group into Display Means for. Check Descriptive statistics, Estimates of effect size, and Observed power. Click Continue. To conduct ANCOVA: Analyze $\rightarrow$ General Linear Model $\rightarrow$Univariate. $\bullet$Select Words as the Dependent Variable. Select Group as the Fixed Factor. Select Memory as the Covariate. $\bullet$Click on Model. Under Sum of squares, select Type I from the dropdown menu. Click Continue. $\bullet$Go to Options. Select Group into Display Means for. Check Descriptive statistics, Estimates of effect size, and Observed power. Click Continue. Selected SPSS Output: I. ANOVA Results: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Words $\begin{array}{cccccc} \hline\text { Source } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Type III Sum } \ \text { of Squares } \end{array} & d f & \begin{array}{c} \text { Mean } \ \text { Square } \end{array} & F & \text { Sig. } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Partial Eta}\ \text { Squared } \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} \text { Observed } \ \text { Power } \end{array}\ \hline\text { Group } & 20.643 & 1 & 20.643 & 1.260 & .284 & .095 & .179 \ \text { Error } & 196.571 & 12 & 16.381 & & & & \ \text { Corrected Total } & 217.214 & 13 & & & & & \ \hline \end{array}$ UnadjustedMeans Dependent Variable: Words $\begin{array}{r} \hline\underline { 95 \% \text { Confidence Interval } } \ \begin{array}{ccccc} \text { Group } & \text { Mean } & \text { Std. Error } &\text { Lower Bound }&\text { Upper Bound } \ \hline 1 \text { auditory } & 10.429 & 1.530 & 7.096 & 13.762 \ 2 \text { visual } & 12.857 & 1.530 & 9.524 & 16.190 \ \hline \end{array}\end{array}$ II. ANCOVA Results: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Words $\begin{array}{cccccc} \hline\text { Source } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Type III Sum } \ \text { of Squares } \end{array} & d f & \begin{array}{c} \text { Mean } \ \text { Square } \end{array} & F & \text { Sig. } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Partial Eta}\ \text { Squared } \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} \text { Observed } \ \text { Power } \end{array}\ \hline \text { Memory } & 167.127 & 1 & 167.127 & 55.098 & .000 & .834 & 1.000 \ \text { Group } & 16.722 & 1 & 16.722 & 5.513 & .039 & .334 & .572 \ \text { Error } & 33.366 & 11 & 3.033 & & & & \ \text { Corrected Total } & 217.214 & 13 & & & & & \ \hline \end{array}$ Adjusted Means Dependent Variable: Words $\begin{array}{r} \hline\underline { 95 \% \text { Confidence Interval } } \ \begin{array}{ccccc} \text { Group } & \text { Mean } & \text { Std. Error } &\text { Lower Bound }&\text { Upper Bound } \ \hline 1 \text { auditory } & 10.549^{a} & .658 & 9.100 & 11.999 \ 2 \text { visual } & 12.736^{a} & .658 & 11.287 & 14.186 \ \hline \end{array}\end{array}$ A one-factor fixed-effects ANOVA was first conducted. As shown in the table of unadjusted means, participants who received visual cues remembered more words (12.86) than those who received auditory cues did (10.43). However, the ANOVA table showed that the effect of type of cues on the number of words remembered was nonsignificant (F = 1.26, df = 1, 12, p = .28). The effect size was medium (partial $\chi$²=.095), but the observed power was not satisfactory (.179). A one-factor ANCOVA was also conducted on the same data. As shown in the table of adjusted means, after adjusting for group differences in memory, the adjusted mean was 10.55 for people who received auditory cues and 12.74 for people who received visual cues. The one-factor ANCOVA table showed that the type of cues had a significant effect on the number of words remembered after adjusting for memory (F = 5.51, df = 1, 11, p = .039), with a large effect size (partial $\chi$²=.334). The slope of Memory (i.e., the covariate) was also significantly different from zero (F = 55.10, df = 1, 11, p < .001), with large effect size and maximal power, suggesting that memory is related to the number of words remembered. After Memory was included as covariate in the model, the mean for Group 1 was adjusted to be slightly higher than the raw mean, whereas the mean for Group 2 was adjusted to be slightly lower than the raw mean. By substantially reducing error variance, the use of the covariate resulted in a larger difference between the groups, and increased power for the F test.

Question 4

Barbara wants to know whether students will learn most effectively with soft music as background sound, as opposed to loud music or no music at all. In the following table are three independent random samples (different background sounds) of paired values on the covariate (X; pretest score) and the dependent variable (Y; posttest score). Conduct an ANOVA on Y, an ANCOVA on Y using X as a covariate, and compare the results ($\alpha$ = .05). Determine the unadjusted and adjusted means.

$\begin{array}{c}
\text { Sott Music }\
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \quad X\quad & \quad Y\quad \
\hline 75 & 89 \
\hline 42 & 49 \
\hline 34 & 52 \
\hline 61 & 70 \
\hline 45 & 66 \
\hline 70 & 83 \
\hline 75 & 90 \
\hline 58 & 73 \
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{c}
\text { Loud Music}\
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \quad X\quad & \quad Y\quad \
\hline 75 & 89 \
\hline 42 & 49 \
\hline 34 & 52 \
\hline 61 & 70 \
\hline 45 & 66 \
\hline 70 & 83 \
\hline 75 & 90 \
\hline 58 & 73 \
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}
\text {  No Music}\
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \quad X\quad & \quad Y\quad \
\hline 75 & 89 \
\hline 42 & 49 \
\hline 34 & 52 \
\hline 61 & 70 \
\hline 45 & 66 \
\hline 70 & 83 \
\hline 75 & 90 \
\hline 58 & 73 \
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of Barbara wants to know whether students will...

Question 5

Dr. Green conducted an ANCOVA to determine whether hearing-impaired children who were taught sign language early on would develop better language skills compared to those who did not learn sign language. The data set contains two independent random samples (children who learned sign language and those who did not) of paired values on the covariate (X; child's hearing) and the dependent variable (Y; language skills measured when the child was three years old). Dr. Green also examined the data to see if the assumptions of ANCOVA were met. The following table and figures are the selected output from Dr. Green's analysis ($\alpha$ = .05):
 
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
 Dependent Variable: Language

$\begin{array}{cccccc}
\hline\text { Source } & \text { Type III Sum of Squares } & d f & \text { Mean Square } & F & \text { Sig. } \
\hline \text { Sign } & 22681.088 & 1 & 22681.088 & 5.963 & .020 \
\text { Hearing } & 3084.607 & 1 & 3084.607 & .811 & .374 \
\text { Sign*Hearing } & 23130.912 & 1 & 23130.912 & 6.082 & .019 \
\text { Error } & 136920.190 & 36 & 3803.339 & & \
\text { Corrected Total } & 162488.375 & 39 & & & \
\hline
\end{array}$

a. What assumption is being evaluated here?
b. Was this assumption satisfied? If not, what effect might it have on the results of ANCOVA?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Green conducted an ANCOVA to determine...

Question 6

For which of the following situations is it appropriate to use ANCOVA?
A) In each group, half of the participants had a time limit to write the words down. Whether a time limit was imposed was also included in the model.
B) The participants' socioeconomic status (low, middle, or high) was expected to have an effect on their performance and was also included in the model.
C) Participants took a vocabulary test before the experiment and the scores of the test were included in the model.
D) Participants took a vocabulary test after the experiment and the scores of the test were included in the model.

Accepted Answer

The covariate should be measured on interval or ratio scale. Also, it is better that covariates are measured prior to the administration of the treatment so that the dependence of the covariate on the treatment can be minimized.)

Question 7

Suppose the researcher used IQ as the covariate. He then found that the mean IQ is slightly different across two groups, and people with higher IQ tended to remember more words than people with lower IQ. It seems likely that
A) the assumption of independence was violated.
B) the assumption of homogeneity of variance was violated.
C) the assumption of independence of covariate and treatment was violated.
D) the assumption of homogeneity of slopes was violated.
E) there is no indication of assumption violation.

Accepted Answer

The value of covariate can be different between groups, and a correlation between the covariate and dependent variable is desirable.)

Question 8

Suppose out of budget concerns, the researcher included only five participants in each group, tested each participant twice, and used each time as separate observations. It seems likely that
A) the assumption of independence was violated.
B) the assumption of homogeneity of variance was violated.
C) the assumption of independence of covariate and treatment was violated.
D) the assumption of homogeneity of slopes was violated.
E) there is no indication of assumption violation.

Accepted Answer

The observations collected from the same subject are not independent.)

Question 9

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies. Ten bulbs of daylilies were planted in each of the three different types of soil. The thickness of the soil  X) was also measured for each pot. After three months, the heights of the plants
 Y) were measured. Below are the group means of the study.

-If ANCOVA is used, which group will have the highest adjusted mean height?
A) Group 1 ('1.)
B) Group 2 ('2.)
C) Group 3 ('3.)
D) All groups would have the same adjusted mean.
E) Any of the above situations is possible (not enough information provided).

Accepted Answer

Without knowing b_w, any adjustment of means is possible.)

Question 10

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies. Ten bulbs of daylilies were planted in each of the three different types of soil. The thickness of the soil  X) was also measured for each pot. After three months, the heights of the plants
 Y) were measured. Below are the group means of the study.

-If there is a substantial, positive correlation between the thickness of soil (X) and the height of daylilies (Y), which group will have the highest adjusted mean height?
A) Group 1 ('1.)
B) Group 2 ('2.)
C) Group 3 ('3.)
D) All groups would have the same adjusted mean.
E) Any of the above situations is possible.

Accepted Answer

When b_w> 0, the group with the smallest will have a higher adjusted mean, and the group with the largest will have a lower adjusted mean.)

Question 11

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies. Ten bulbs of daylilies were planted in each of the three different types of soil. The thickness of the soil X) was also measured for each pot. After three months, the heights of the plants Y) were measured. Below are the group means of the study. -If there is no correlation between X and Y, the MS_with for ANCOVA as compared to that for ANOVA will be A) less. B) the same. C) greater. D) unpredictably different.

Accepted Answer

If X and Y are not correlated, SS_with will be the same, but with the loss of one df_with, MS_with will become greater.)

Question 12

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies. Ten bulbs of daylilies were planted in each of the three different types of soil. The thickness of the soil  X) was also measured for each pot. After three months, the heights of the plants
 Y) were measured. Below are the group means of the study.

-If there is a substantial negative correlation between X and Y, the error variation for ANCOVA as compared to that for ANOVA will be
A) less.
B) the same.
C) greater.
D) unpredictably different.

Accepted Answer

If the correlation is substantial, then error variance will be reduced in ANCOVA regardless of its sign.)

Question 13

A researcher wanted to examine if soil type had any effects on the heights of daylilies. Ten bulbs of daylilies were planted in each of the three different types of soil. The thickness of the soil  X) was also measured for each pot. After three months, the heights of the plants
 Y) were measured. Below are the group means of the study.

-If the correlation between X and Y is 0.5 for soil type 1, 0.1 for soil type 2, and ?0.5 for soil type 3, it seems likely that
A) the assumption of normality is violated.
B) the assumption of homogeneity of variance is violated.
C) the assumption of linearity is violated.
D) the assumption of homogeneity of slopes is violated.
E) there is no indication of assumption violation.

Accepted Answer

The regression slopes will be different for different soil types.)

Question 14

In ANCOVA, suppose Y is the dependent variable, X is the covariate, and the factor has two levels. Also, all assumptions of ANCOVA are met. Which of the following situations is the most desirable? A) r_XY = 0.5; =10, =12, =11. B) r_XY = 0.1; =10, =12, =11. C) r_XY = -0.1; =10, =20, =15. D) r_XY = -0.5; =10, =20, =15.

Accepted Answer

Ideally the covariate should be highly correlated with the dependent variable to reduce error variance, and the groups should be approximately equivalent in all other traits except for group membership.)

Question 15

In a one-factor ANCOVA, suppose the factor has two levels (groups). Scatterplots of the dependent variable (Y) and the covariate (X) are generated (where group 1 is indicated by "•" and group 2 by "o"). Which of the following graphs shows the most desirable situation?
A) 
B) 
C) 
D)

Accepted Answer

Ideally X and Y should be correlated with each other, and the slope should be similar for each group.)

Question 16

Susan runs an ANOVA using the covariate X as the dependent variable and the factor A as the independent variable. Now using Y as the dependent variable, Susan runs another ANOVA to evaluate if there is any interaction between the covariate X and the factor A. For , which of the following situations is the most desirable?
A) p = 0.01
B) p = 0.05
C) p = 0.1
D) p = 0.5

Accepted Answer

Larger p indicates that the interaction between X and the factor is not significant, lending evidence to the assumption of homogeneous slopes.)

Question 17

The covariate in ANCOVA serves as which one of the following?
A) Dependent variable
B) Design control
C) Experimental control
D) Statistical control

Accepted Answer

The covariate in ANCOVA serves as a statistical control variable, allowing for the removal of variance associated with the covariate from the analysis of the independent variable(s) and dependent variable.

Question 18

In ANCOVA, which of the following is a source of variation not controlled for when designing the experiment but that the researcher believes to affect the outcome?
A) Covariate
B) Dependent variable
C) Independent variable
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

In ANCOVA, a covariate is a variable that is not controlled for when designing the experiment but is believed by the researcher to affect the outcome. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. The dependent variable and independent variable are the variables that are controlled for in the experiment.

Question 19

The covariate in ANCOVA is also referred to as which one of the following?
A) Adjustment variable
B) Concomitant variable
C) Dependent variable
D) Independent variable

Accepted Answer

The covariate in ANCOVA is referred to as a concomitant variable, which is used to adjust the dependent variable to account for variance associated with the covariate.

Quiz 14: One Factor Fixed-Effects Ancova With Single Covariate

For which of the following situations is it appropriate to use ANCOVA?

Suppose the researcher used IQ as the covariate. He then found that the mean IQ is slightly different across two groups, and people with higher IQ tended to remember more words than people with lower IQ. It seems likely that

Suppose out of budget concerns, the researcher included only five participants in each group, tested each participant twice, and used each time as separate observations. It seems likely that

In ANCOVA, suppose Y is the dependent variable, X is the covariate, and the factor has two levels. Also, all assumptions of ANCOVA are met. Which of the following situations is the most desirable?

In a one-factor ANCOVA, suppose the factor has two levels (groups) . Scatterplots of the dependent variable (Y) and the covariate (X) are generated (where group 1 is indicated by "•" and group 2 by "o") . Which of the following graphs shows the most desirable situation?

The covariate in ANCOVA serves as which one of the following?

In ANCOVA, which of the following is a source of variation not controlled for when designing the experiment but that the researcher believes to affect the outcome?

The covariate in ANCOVA is also referred to as which one of the following?