Question 1

Which of the following theories is considered to be more consistent with feminist approaches, even if they have not always been applied so?

Accepted Answer

Pathways theory is more consistent with feminist approaches because it emphasizes the unique experiences and trajectories that lead individuals, particularly women, into criminal behavior. This theory takes into account the gendered pathways that often include experiences of abuse, poverty, and marginalization, aligning with feminist perspectives on the social construction of gender and the systemic inequalities faced by women.

Question 2

When addressing girls' and women's agency, feminists often struggle with balancing sexism and ______.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

Which term is used to describe women's self-determination?

Accepted Answer

Agency refers to women's ability to make their own decisions and act on their own behalf, emphasizing self-determination and autonomy. The other choices do not specifically relate to women's self-determination.

Question 4

In her study of crack-addicted women, Sterk (1999) captured the dichotomy of ______.

Accepted Answer

Sterk's study explored the agency of crack-addicted women, meaning their ability to make choices and take action in their own lives despite the challenges and obstacles they faced. The other options (adaptation, achievement, authority) do not capture this central theme of the study.

Question 5

What theory is grounded in Marxism and often referred to as Marxist theory and radical theory?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory is grounded in Marxism and often referred to as Marxist theory and radical theory. It focuses on the struggle between social classes and the use of power and control by those in power to maintain their dominance over those who are oppressed.

Question 6

The basis for conflict theory was drawn from the works of which theorist?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory is a perspective in sociology that emphasizes the role of power and coercion in producing social order. It is based on the works of Karl Marx, who argued that society is divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). Marx believed that conflict between these two classes would ultimately lead to a revolution and the establishment of a classless society.

Question 7

______ typically embraces a more structural, political, and economical perspective.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory focuses on the power struggles between different social groups and how resources and wealth are distributed in society. It highlights the role of institutions like the government, education, and the legal system in perpetuating inequality and maintaining the status quo. This approach tends to view society as inherently unequal and sees social change as being driven by conflict and tension between different groups. In contrast, the other theories listed (biosocial, differential association, and strain) tend to focus more on individual-level factors and psychological processes.

Question 8

Conflict theory proposes that we focus on ______.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory suggests that we focus on lawmakers, as it emphasizes the role of power and inequality in shaping laws and the justice system.

Question 9

That laws are biased, reflecting the needs of the upper class, and thus enforcement of the laws is inevitably unjust is an assumption of which of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

This assumption is a core belief of conflict theory, which posits that society is divided into groups with conflicting interests, particularly between the wealthy and the poor. Conflict theorists argue that the legal system and laws are created to protect the interests of those in power and maintain social order, rather than to serve justice equally for all.

Question 10

According to critical theories, the key to solving the crime problem is changing the ______ system.

Accepted Answer

Critical theories, particularly those of a Marxist or neo-Marxist perspective, often argue that the root causes of crime are linked to the economic system and its inherent inequalities. They suggest that addressing these economic disparities and restructuring the economic system can significantly reduce crime by tackling its underlying causes.

Question 11

"New criminologists" viewed ______ as the real criminals.

Accepted Answer

"New criminologists" viewed capitalists as the real criminals because they believed that the capitalist economic system created conditions that led to crime and that capitalists benefited from this system while the poor and working class suffered. They argued that crimes committed by the poor and working class were often a result of their disadvantaged circumstances and that true justice would involve addressing these underlying societal issues rather than solely punishing individual offenders.

Question 12

A common criticism of the "new criminology" is that it was ______.

Accepted Answer

The "new criminology" was criticized for making sweeping generalizations about all aspects of society and criminal behavior, leading to a lack of nuance in their analyses.

Question 13

The progressive legal movement to transform the relationship among race, racism, and power is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Critical race theory is a progressive legal movement that analyzes the relationship between race, racism, and power in society, and advocates for the transformation of legal and social systems to be more equal and just. Life course theory and pathways theory pertain more to individual development and change over the course of a person's life, while labeling theory focuses on the societal impact of being labeled as deviant or criminal.

Question 14

Which of the following beliefs accepted by mainstream society as myths was identified by critical race theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following beliefs accepted by...

Question 15

The assumption/problem that race is completely embedded in U.S. laws and policies is central to which theory?

Accepted Answer

Critical race theory posits that race is not simply a personal attribute but is also deeply embedded in U.S. laws, policies, and practices. It emphasizes the role of systemic racism and the need to challenge and dismantle these structures in order to achieve racial justice.

Question 16

The originators of critical race theory believed that White privilege and ______ are core to understanding racism in the systematic discrimination and civil rights violations of people of color.

Accepted Answer

Critical race theory asserts that racism is not just individual bigotry, but also ingrained in the fabric of society through institutionalized policies and laws that uphold White dominance and power. Therefore, the concept of power is essential to understanding racism in the systematic discrimination and civil rights violations of people of color.

Question 17

Which approach would you use if you wanted to address the ways that lawmaking and enforcement work to the detriment of women and girls?

Accepted Answer

Feminist jurisprudence is the best choice because it focuses specifically on analyzing and challenging the ways in which legal systems and institutions perpetuate gender-based discrimination and inequality. This approach considers how laws and policies affect women and girls, and seeks to develop and implement legal solutions that promote gender equality and justice. Critical legal studies and critical race theory may touch on issues related to gender, but they are not specifically focused on addressing the ways that lawmaking and enforcement work to the detriment of women and girls. The feminist pathways is not a recognized legal theory or approach.

Question 18

Critical race theory (CRT) emerged as a response to the view that critical legal studies were limited because it was framed by ______.

Accepted Answer

Critical race theory emerged as a response to the view that critical legal studies were limited because it was framed by elites, particularly white male academics. Critical race theory sought to address the limitations of this approach by centering issues of race and racism in its analysis of law and society.

Question 19

Designers of critical race theory criticized critical legal theories for using which type of lens?

Accepted Answer

Designers of critical race theory criticized critical legal theories for using a White lens. Critical legal theories were criticized for not taking into account the experiences and perspectives of marginalized groups, particularly people of color, and instead using a lens that privileged the perspectives and experiences of White people. Critical race theory, on the other hand, sought to center the experiences and perspectives of people of color and analyze how race intersects with and impacts various aspects of society.

Question 20

Which theorist argued that assigning criminal labels to people increases the chances that they will become their labels?

Accepted Answer

Frank Tannenbaum argued in his labeling theory that criminal labels attached to individuals can make them more likely to continue or even increase their criminal behavior.

Quiz 3: Theories Part II: Critical, Labeling, Cycle of Violence, Life Course, Pathways, and Masculinity Theories