Question 1

In Hofstede's study, he found that Japan is on top of the list of masculine culture whereas Norway, Sweden, and Denmark tend to be more feminine culture. Which of the following statements best describes a masculine culture?

Accepted Answer

In a masculine culture, assertiveness, competition, and material success are highly valued. This means that there is a strong focus on achievement and success, often at the expense of other values such as cooperation or compassion. In contrast, a feminine culture tends to value qualities such as caring, nurturing, and cooperation, and may prioritize work-life balance and social harmony over individual achievement. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 2

Many Western cultures tend to think of time as a long ribbon stretched out in a progressive linear path, having a beginning and an end. Adherence to schedule is important. Which time orientation does this compartmentalization of time best characterize?

Accepted Answer

The compartmentalization of time and adherence to schedule is a characteristic of monochronic time orientation, which is prevalent in many Western cultures.

Question 3

Schwartz argues that there are three cultural dimensions which confront all societies. Which of the following best describes autonomy versus embeddedness?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy versus embeddedness refers to the balance between the individual and the group. It is the tension between the desire for personal freedom and independence versus the need for social conformity and group harmony.

Question 4

The value orientation theory, developed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, suggests that cultures develop unique positions in five value orientations. Which of the following is an assumption of the value orientation theory?

Accepted Answer

The assumption of the value orientation theory is that in every culture there are universal problems that must be addressed. This is one of the foundational beliefs of the theory and serves as the starting point for understanding how different cultures approach these problems. The other choices are not assumptions of the theory. B is incorrect as the theory suggests that cultures have limited solutions to problems based on their unique value orientations. C is incorrect as the theory explicitly links solutions to cultural values. D is incorrect as the theory suggests that people from the same culture share a common set of values, regardless of generation.

Question 5

The theory of power, proposed by Michel Foucault, is based on three main assumptions. Which of the following is an assumption of this theory?

Accepted Answer

The assumption of Foucault's theory of power is that power is dynamic, flowing through individuals in various contexts. Option A is incorrect as institutional bodies do embody and sustain power relations. Option B is correct as those who are subjects of power often cannot find ways to resist power, but it is not one of the assumptions of the theory. Option C is incorrect as social hierarchy is relevant to power relations in communication interactions.

Question 6

Uncertainty avoidance is one dimension of culture identified by Hofstede. Which of the following characterizes a culture strong in uncertainty avoidance?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

People in the United States are perceived as 'efficiency experts' that place a high value on time. Which value orientation, as identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, does emphasis on efficiency and practicality reflect?

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on efficiency and practicality reflects the "activity orientation" as identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck. This orientation concerns how people view human actions and interactions, including the value placed on being productive and efficient.

Question 8

International students from Asian countries such as China, India, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea tend to address their teachers by using only their last name or professional title. Which cultural dimension does this illustrate about Asian cultures?

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the cultural dimension of power distance, as Asian cultures tend to emphasize hierarchy and respect for authority figures. Using only the last name or professional title when addressing teachers is a sign of deference and respect for their position of authority.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of Schwartz's cultural value types?

Accepted Answer

Schwartz's cultural value types consist of 10 values, which are grouped into four universal value types: 1) openness to change (including values of self-direction and stimulation), 2) conservation (including values of tradition, conformity, and security), 3) self-enhancement (including values of achievement and power), and 4) self-transcendence (including values of universalism and benevolence). "Liberalism" is not included as one of Schwartz's cultural value types.

Question 10

The Finns prefer to complete tasks one at a time, and being late or not finishing something on time is considered rude and impolite. Which of the following concepts best describes the Finnish time orientation?

Accepted Answer

The Finnish time orientation seems to be monochronic, which values linear time and completing tasks on schedule. This is in contrast to cultures that value polychronic time, where multiple tasks are completed simultaneously and being late is less important. High-context and multiple context refer to communication styles, not time orientation.

Question 11

Managers in some cultures tend to be future-focused and value persistence; managers in other cultures tend to be present-focused and care more about immediate gratification. Which of the following cultural dimensions does this example best represent?

Accepted Answer

The example provided is describing the difference between managers who are future-focused and value persistence (which aligns with long-term orientation) versus managers who are present-focused and care more about immediate gratification (which aligns with short-term orientation). Therefore, the cultural dimension being represented in this example is long-term versus short-term.

Question 12

The chapter identified four ethnical principles governing intercultural communication. Which of the following best describes the principle of mutuality?

Accepted Answer

The principle of mutuality in intercultural communication recognizes the importance of understanding and respecting the perspectives of others. It involves an open and two-way communication process where both parties seek to understand each other's viewpoints and communicate with empathy and sensitivity. This principle emphasizes the importance of mutual respect, trust, and understanding in building strong intercultural relationships.

Question 13

What is business culture and how it reflects the culture of a country?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

What question does man-nature orientation address? Provide an example to explain.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Provide an example to explain Condon and Yousef's family value orientation.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Define and explain ethical relativism approach.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

What challenge does the internet create for limiting hate speech without discouraging freedom of expression?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 5: Value Orientations and Behaviour