Question 1

One approach to treating phobias is the presentation of stimuli that are progressively more fear eliciting, in the absence of the US. This approach is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One approach to treating phobias is the...

Question 2

According to associative learning theorists, how do phobias develop?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to associative learning theorists, how do...

Question 3

Provide an example of a drug's positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide an example of a drug's positive...

Question 4

Which of the following is a reinforcement of a drug?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement of a drug refers to the increase in the likelihood of the behavior that led to the drug intake. Euphoric effect, calming effect, and alleviation of fatigue are all positive experiences that increase the likelihood of repeating the behavior of taking the drug. Therefore, all of the above options are considered as reinforcement of a drug.

Question 5

According to the perspective of instrumental conditioning, drug-seeking behaviours are maintained through an association between drug's responses, __________, and reinforcing properties of the drug.

Accepted Answer

According to the perspective of instrumental conditioning, drug-seeking behaviours are maintained through an association between drug's responses and environmental stimuli, which act as cues for drug use and trigger the reinforcing properties of the drug. Over time, these environmental stimuli become strongly associated with drug use and can elicit drug-seeking behaviors even in the absence of the actual drug.

Question 6

Explain why smoking behaviour is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation, according to the instrumental conditioning perspective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why smoking behaviour is insensitive to...

Question 7

What is a habit according to the instrumental conditioning perspective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a habit according to the...

Question 8

What is a drug paraphernalia?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a drug paraphernalia?...

Question 9

Provide one example of paraphernalia for a nicotine smoker.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide one example of paraphernalia for a...

Question 10

The sight of drug-related objects or even movies about drugs are all stimuli that can __________ cravings or the onset of ___________ symptoms in a drug addict.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sight of drug-related objects or even...

Question 11

According to a classical conditioning perspective, for an addict the sight of a dealer is a(n) __________ because is paired with the drug, which acts as a(n) _________. Therefore, the sight of a dealer alone will come to elicit a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to a classical conditioning perspective, for...

Question 12

For a drug addict, craving can be the CR elicited by the sight of a dealer.

Accepted Answer

Craving is a conditioned response (CR) that can be elicited by various cues, such as the sight of a drug dealer for a drug addict.

Question 13

Only neutral stimuli that are directly associated with the drug (e.g. sight of the drug, a drug dealer) can act as CSs, whilst stimuli that have no associations with the drug (e.g. a sound, a smell) will never become CSs, even if continuously paired with the drug consumption.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Neutral stimuli that have no direct association with the drug can become CSs if continuously paired with drug consumption. This process is known as higher-order conditioning.

Question 14

John is recovering from cocaine addiction. His last dose was three months ago, but John can still crave cocaine when he sees a red Mini, the car that his dealer used to drive. The red Mini is a(n):

Accepted Answer

The red Mini is a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it was paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) of receiving cocaine from John's dealer. Even though John has not had cocaine in three months, the sight of the red Mini still triggers a conditioned response (CR) of craving for the drug. The unconditioned response (UR) would be the physical effects of the cocaine on John's body when he initially used it.

Question 15

John is recovering from cocaine addiction. His last dose was three months ago, but John can still crave cocaine when he sees a red Mini, the car that his dealer used to drive. The crave is a(n):

Accepted Answer

The crave is a Conditioned Response (CR) because it has been learned through association with the red Mini, which acts as a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) linked to the cocaine, the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).

Question 16

Joanna loves the feeling of relaxation she feels during the first inhalations of a cigarette. The nicotine within the cigarette is a(n):

Accepted Answer

The US (unconditioned stimulus) is the nicotine within the cigarette, which is producing the positive feeling of relaxation for Joanna.

Question 17

Which of the following therapies is often used to extinguish the association between a CS and an US?

Accepted Answer

Cue-exposure therapy is specifically designed to extinguish the association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) by repeatedly exposing the individual to the CS without the associated US, leading to a reduction in the conditioned response. In contrast, US-exposure therapy involves exposing the individual to the actual feared object or situation, whereas family therapy and EMDR are not specific to addressing conditioned responses.

Question 18

The cue-exposure therapy aims to extinguish the association between the __________ and the __________, by presenting the __________ in the absence of the __________.

Accepted Answer

Cue-exposure therapy aims to extinguish the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) by presenting the CS in the absence of the US.

Question 19

John is recovering from cocaine addiction. His last dose was three months ago, but John can still crave cocaine when he sees a red Mini, the car that his dealer used to drive. His therapist is using the cue-exposure therapy to help John extinguishing the cravings. The psychologist is repeatedly showing John __________.

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is using cue-exposure therapy, which involves repeatedly exposing the person to the cue that triggers the craving (in this case, the sight of a red Mini). The purpose is to eventually extinguish the association between the cue and the addictive behavior. Showing a different car or a different color Mini would not be effective because it would not target the specific cue that triggers John's craving.

Question 20

According to your textbook, the cue-exposure therapy is generally:

Accepted Answer

Cue-exposure therapy has been found to be generally ineffective. This approach, which involves exposing individuals to cues associated with their addictive behaviors without allowing them to engage in the behavior, has not consistently shown to be effective in reducing cravings or preventing relapse.

Quiz 8: Learning

One approach to treating phobias is the presentation of stimuli that are progressively more fear eliciting, in the absence of the US. This approach is called __________.

According to associative learning theorists, how do phobias develop?

Provide an example of a drug's positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

Which of the following is a reinforcement of a drug?

According to the perspective of instrumental conditioning, drug-seeking behaviours are maintained through an association between drug's responses, __________, and reinforcing properties of the drug.

Explain why smoking behaviour is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation, according to the instrumental conditioning perspective.

What is a habit according to the instrumental conditioning perspective?

What is a drug paraphernalia?

Provide one example of paraphernalia for a nicotine smoker.

The sight of drug-related objects or even movies about drugs are all stimuli that can cravings or the onset of _ symptoms in a drug addict.

According to a classical conditioning perspective, for an addict the sight of a dealer is a(n) ______ because is paired with the drug, which acts as a(n) _. Therefore, the sight of a dealer alone will come to elicit a(n) ______.

For a drug addict, craving can be the CR elicited by the sight of a dealer.

Only neutral stimuli that are directly associated with the drug (e.g. sight of the drug, a drug dealer) can act as CSs, whilst stimuli that have no associations with the drug (e.g. a sound, a smell) will never become CSs, even if continuously paired with the drug consumption.

John is recovering from cocaine addiction. His last dose was three months ago, but John can still crave cocaine when he sees a red Mini, the car that his dealer used to drive. The red Mini is a(n) :

John is recovering from cocaine addiction. His last dose was three months ago, but John can still crave cocaine when he sees a red Mini, the car that his dealer used to drive. The crave is a(n) :

Joanna loves the feeling of relaxation she feels during the first inhalations of a cigarette. The nicotine within the cigarette is a(n) :

Which of the following therapies is often used to extinguish the association between a CS and an US?

The cue-exposure therapy aims to extinguish the association between the and the , by presenting the in the absence of the .

According to your textbook, the cue-exposure therapy is generally: