Question 1

What is a 'correlated hypothesis' in Greenspoon's studies on unconscious conditioning?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Define the 'gambler's fallacy'.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the 'gambler's fallacy'....

Question 3

After a run of 10 heads in a row, the probability to get a tail is increased.

Accepted Answer

The probability of getting a tail in a coin toss is always 50%, regardless of previous outcomes, due to the independence of each toss.

Question 4

In Perruchet's (1985) experiment on unconscious conditioning, the longer the run of a tone followed by a puff, the less people said they expected a puff on the next trial, although they strongly blinked.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct description of Perruchet's (1985) experiment on unconscious conditioning. The participants' expectations decreased while their eyeblink responses remained strong.

Question 5

In Perruchet's (1985) experiment on unconscious conditioning, the longer the run of a tone followed by a puff, the less people said they expected a puff on the next trial, although they strongly blinked. Which of the following statements BEST describes the results of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment showed that the subjects' conditioned response (blinking in response to the tone) increased even as their conscious expectancy (expecting a puff after the tone) decreased. This indicates that the two processes were operating in different directions and may have been influenced by different mechanisms. Therefore, the best answer is A, which states that the conditioned response and the conscious expectancy went in opposite directions.

Question 6

Artificial grammar learning paradigm is inspired by:

Accepted Answer

Artificial grammar learning paradigm is primarily inspired by natural language, as it involves the learning of nonverbal patterns that parallel the syntactic structure of language. It is used to investigate implicit learning, which refers to learning that occurs without conscious awareness or intention. Music and sign language may involve similar patterns and structures, but they are not as central to language processing as natural language.

Question 7

According to Chomsky, natural language:

Accepted Answer

Chomsky argues that natural language is too complex to be explained solely by conditioning, and instead suggests that humans have an innate language acquisition device that allows us to learn language more efficiently.

Question 8

Finite state grammars:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Finite state grammars:
...

Question 9

VTTVM is a string of elements which is grammatically according to a finite state grammar. Based exclusively on this string, which assumptions you can correctly make about this grammar?

Accepted Answer

The string "VTTVM" shows that after a "V" we can have either a "T" or an "M." There is no evidence in the string to support choices A, B, or D.

Question 10

Consider the string of element of a finite state grammar being XMMXRVM. Which of the following bigrams in not allawed?

Accepted Answer

In the given string XMMXRVM, the bigram XX is not allowed because in a finite state grammar, a state cannot have a transition on the same input symbol that led to it. So, since the first X leads to itself in the bigram XX, it is not allowed. The other bigrams MM, XM, and MX are allowed in the given string.

Question 11

What is a bigram?

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Indicate 3 possible bigrams of the string VTTVM.

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Question 13

Bigram can consist of either two or three elements.

Accepted Answer

A bigram consists of exactly two elements, typically two consecutive words or letters in text analysis.

Question 14

In a finite state grammar, any pathway is grammatical as long as it follows the direction of the arrows.

Accepted Answer

In a finite state grammar, any pathway that follows the direction of the arrows is considered grammatical.

Question 15

In Reber's studies on artificial grammar learning, how many strings could people classify correctly despite not being able to report what the rules were?

Accepted Answer

Reber's studies showed that people could classify 65-70% of strings correctly, indicating that they could implicitly learn the rules of the artificial grammar without being able to explicitly articulate them.

Question 16

Describe a serial reaction time task to investigate the effect of implicit knowledge on the timing of motor responses.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding implicit learning is INACCURATE?

Accepted Answer

This statement is inaccurate because implicit learning can be demonstrated in the lab. There are many studies that have shown implicit learning in a lab setting, such as the Serial Reaction Time Task.

Question 18

On what type of learning is typical formal education more focused on?

Accepted Answer

Typical formal education is more focused on explicit learning, which refers to the conscious acquisition and retention of information through various methods such as lectures, textbooks, and exams. Implicit learning, procedural learning, and associative learning may also be incorporated in some aspects of formal education, but they are not the primary focus.

Question 19

Kevin is learning a new skill by understanding consciously how to do every step, and then gradually automating the procedure. The resulting knowledge will be:

Accepted Answer

By gradually automating the procedure, Kevin will retain the knowledge both consciously and automatically.

Question 20

The resulting knowledge of implicit learning is:

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning is automatic, meaning it occurs without any conscious effort or awareness. However, it is not consciously accessible, meaning individuals may not be able to articulate what they have learned.

Quiz 6: Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes