Question 1

Define the two categories of metabolic pathways and explain the main purpose of each one.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the two categories of metabolic pathways...

Question 2

Pick two (2)of the examples from question 3 and indicate specifically how the signal you indicated in your answer is altering the pathway listed.For each example,write a one-sentence answer that includes the condition,the signals,the mechanism,the protein/enzyme,the tissue,and the result (all underlined in the example below). Example: Under fed conditions,high blood glucose leads to insulin secretion by the pancreas,which in turn induces expression of the key glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase in all cells,thereby increasing glycolysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pick two (2)of the examples from question...

Question 3

[If students redraw the graph in Figure 7.12 here to show the relationship between these systems and their contribution to meeting energy needs as a function of time, that is fine as long as it was appropriately drawn, labeled, and explained.]
-Name the three systems that play a role in supplying energy during movement/exercise.Describe briefly how they supply energy,and discuss the temporal relationship between them during prolonged exercise.Any figures should be completely labeled and explained.

Accepted Answer

The answer of [If students redraw the graph in Figure...

Question 4

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.
-epinephrine

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical substance that transmits signals between neurons.

Question 5

The red color of muscle is due to the presence of myoglobin.

Accepted Answer

Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle fibers that binds to oxygen and gives muscles their reddish color.

Question 6

The end products of the oxidative system are acetyl-CoA and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Accepted Answer

The end products of the oxidative system are ATP, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a separate metabolic pathway.

Question 7

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.
-growth hormone

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone primarily stimulates lipolysis (the breakdown of fats) and increases the uptake of triacylglycerol from very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which helps to provide energy to the body by utilizing fat stores.

Question 8

Most nutrients absorbed by the small intestine first pass through the liver.

Accepted Answer

The mesenteric veins carry absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where they are metabolized and stored or distributed to the rest of the body. Therefore, most nutrients absorbed by the small intestine first pass through the liver.

Question 9

Metabolic pathways are regulated to maintain homeostasis in the face of changing environmental conditions,such as nutrient supply.Describe how this is accomplished during the fed-fast cycle,that is,the progression from a fed state,to a postabsorptive/fasting state,to starvation,to prolonged starvation.Your answer should include specific processes/ metabolic pathways that are favored under each condition-make sure to cover pathways that are important to all three macronutrients (CHOs,lipids,protein).Also indicate the signal(s)involved in modulating these pathways.An example is provided in the table.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Metabolic pathways are regulated to maintain homeostasis...

Question 10

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ.
-muscle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the metabolic activity to the correct...

Question 11

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.
-insulin

Accepted Answer

Insulin stimulates the removal of glucose from the blood and promotes anabolic reactions such as glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, and fat storage. It also stimulates glucose uptake into cells and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Question 12

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.
-glucagon

Accepted Answer

Glucagon primarily stimulates liver glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), which increases blood glucose levels.

Question 13

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ.
-red blood cell

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells rely solely on glucose for energy because they lack mitochondria, making them unable to perform oxidative phosphorylation and thus unable to utilize fatty acids or ketone bodies for energy.

Question 14

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ.
-adipose tissue

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue is a connective tissue that specializes in storing fat.

Answer: B
 The description provided matches the characteristics of loose connective tissue, which includes adipose tissue.

Answer: Incorrect options - A, C, E, F, and G are all incorrect as they describe different types of tissues with functions that differ from those of adipose tissue.

Therefore, the correct answer is:
Answer: BD
 Adipose tissue stores fat and is a type of loose connective tissue with a disordered gel-like matrix underlying most epithelia.

Question 15

The postabsorptive state evolves into the fasting state after 36-72 hours of no food intake.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The postabsorptive state evolves into the fasting...

Question 16

Carbohydrate loading is a dietary and exercise strategy aimed at maximizing glycogenolysis in muscle and liver.

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate loading is aimed at maximizing glycogen storage in muscle and liver, not glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen, whereas carbohydrate loading seeks to enhance its storage.

Question 17

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.
-cortisol

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a steroid hormone.

Question 18

Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's ability to perform more aerobically.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's...

Question 19

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ.
-brain

Accepted Answer

The carotid artery supplies blood to the brain.

Answer: C
 The coronary artery supplies blood to the heart muscle.

Answer: D
 The femoral artery supplies blood to the thigh and lower leg.

Answer: A
 The axillary artery supplies blood to the shoulder and upper arm.

Answer: E
 The gastric artery supplies blood to the stomach.

Answer: F
 The hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver.

Answer: G
 The radial artery supplies blood to the forearm and wrist.

Answer: H
 The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys.

Answer: I
 The suprarenal artery supplies blood to the adrenal glands.

Answer: J
 The tibial artery supplies blood to the lower leg and foot.

Question 20

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ.
-liver

Accepted Answer

The hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver.

Answer: E 
 The gastric artery supplies blood to the stomach.

Answer: H 
 The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys.

Quiz 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise

Define the two categories of metabolic pathways and explain the main purpose of each one.

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -epinephrine

The red color of muscle is due to the presence of myoglobin.

The end products of the oxidative system are acetyl-CoA and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -growth hormone

Most nutrients absorbed by the small intestine first pass through the liver.

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -muscle

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -insulin

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -glucagon

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -red blood cell

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -adipose tissue

The postabsorptive state evolves into the fasting state after 36-72 hours of no food intake.

Carbohydrate loading is a dietary and exercise strategy aimed at maximizing glycogenolysis in muscle and liver.

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -cortisol

Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's ability to perform more aerobically.

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -brain

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -liver