Question 1

The probability of bystander apathy increases where

Accepted Answer

Bystander apathy refers to the phenomenon where individuals fail to intervene in emergency situations when other people are present. Research has shown that ambiguity in the situation can increase bystander apathy because people are unsure how to interpret the situation and whether intervention is necessary. Physical danger and predictability may actually decrease bystander apathy as individuals may feel a stronger sense of responsibility to act. The presence of males also does not necessarily increase bystander apathy.

Question 2

Competence and warmth are two dimensions of

Accepted Answer

Competence and warmth are two primary dimensions used in social psychology to describe how we perceive others, particularly in the context of stereotyping. These dimensions help us understand how we categorize individuals and groups, attributing them with various levels of competence (ability, skill) and warmth (friendliness, trustworthiness).

Question 3

A type cognitive bias in which reactions to a group are shaped by a blend of positive and negative stereotypes operating on two dimensions

Accepted Answer

Moderate bias involves reactions to a group being influenced by a mix of positive and negative stereotypes, which operate along two dimensions. This contrasts with biases that are purely positive or negative.

Question 4

The tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one's own group is known as

Accepted Answer

In-group bias refers to the tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one's own group.

Question 5

This method is used to assess unconscious bias known as implicit prejudice

Accepted Answer

The method used to assess unconscious bias known as implicit prejudice is called the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This test measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g. race or gender) and evaluations (e.g. good or bad) or stereotypes (e.g. athletic or clumsy). The IAT can be taken online and is widely used in research to measure unconscious bias.

Question 6

The general term used when an individual or group carries out an act that is intended to harm another individual or group is known as

Accepted Answer

Aggression is the most general term used to describe an act intended to harm another individual or group, regardless of the motive or target. Bullying, discrimination, and prejudice are all specific types of aggression with certain motivations and targets.

Question 7

The type of aggression carries out in pursuit of another goal is known as

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is carried out in pursuit of another goal, such as winning a game or achieving a goal. Hostile aggression is aggression that is driven by anger or frustration and is intended to harm another person. Intentional aggression is a broad term that refers to any deliberate attempt to harm another person, regardless of the underlying motivation. Avoidance aggression is a type of defensive aggression in which an animal tries to avoid a threat by running away or hiding. Therefore, the best choice for the type of aggression carried out in pursuit of another goal is instrumental aggression.

Question 8

The type of aggression carries out with the ultimate aim to inflict harm

Accepted Answer

Hostile aggression is the type of aggression that is carried out with the ultimate aim of inflicting harm. This type of aggression is typically driven by anger or frustration and is often impulsive in nature. It is distinct from instrumental aggression, which is aggression that is carried out with the ultimate aim of achieving a goal or outcome, rather than simply causing harm. Intentional and avoidance aggression are not typically used to describe different types of aggression.

Question 9

Individual prejudice against members of other ethnic groups is known as

Accepted Answer

Individual prejudice against members of other ethnic groups is known as racism. Discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group, while ethnicism is a term used to describe discrimination against people based on their ethnicity. Sexism, on the other hand, refers to discrimination against people based on their gender.

Question 10

In the Kitty Genovese investigation, it was later found that no one watched anything for anywhere near as long as half an hour. The first attack lasted only a few moments.

Accepted Answer

The later investigation revealed that no one had watched for as long as half an hour and that the first attack lasted only a few moments.

Question 11

The basic idea behind the theory of inclusive fitness regarding altruism is that the tendency evolved under conditions where altruism was expected to be reciprocated.

Accepted Answer

The basic idea of the theory of inclusive fitness regarding altruism is that altruistic behavior can be evolutionarily advantageous if it increases the reproductive success of relatives who share similar genes. There is no expectation of reciprocity in inclusive fitness theory.

Question 12

The tendency toward in-group bias is so strong that researchers can create artificial groups by randomly assigning people to two categories by tossing a coin.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Studies have shown that even arbitrarily assigned groups can create in-group biases and preferences.

Question 13

According to Allport's intergroup contact theory, prejudice is diminished when positive, constructive contact occurs between members of different groups.

Accepted Answer

Allport's intergroup contact theory states that positive, constructive contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice.

Question 14

Terror management theory (TMT) is an existential psychological theory that proposes that much human behaviour is motivated by a need to manage or reduce the terror associated with one's own mortality.

Accepted Answer

Terror management theory proposes that much human behavior is motivated by a need to manage or reduce the terror associated with one's own mortality.

Question 15

Instrumental aggression is when the ultimate purpose of aggression is harming the victim.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression is aimed at achieving a goal other than harming the victim, such as gaining status, obtaining resources, or defending oneself.

Question 16

The theory of reciprocal altruism proposes that psychological attributes that motivate altruism towards non-kin will only evolve under conditions where there is some expectation that altruistic acts will be reciprocated.

Accepted Answer

The theory of reciprocal altruism suggests that altruistic behaviors towards non-kin will only evolve if there is an expectation of reciprocation, as this enhances the overall fitness of the individual.

Question 17

According to Fiske and Cuddy, stereotyping can be captured on two dimensions - competence and worth

Accepted Answer

Fiske and Cuddy propose that stereotyping can be captured on two dimensions - competence and warmth, not worth.

Question 18

An act is considered aggressive regardless of whether the aggressor intended to be harmful.

Accepted Answer

An act is typically considered aggressive if there is an intention to cause harm or assert dominance, not just based on the act itself.

Question 19

Deindividuation involves an increase in self-awareness or personal identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behaviour will be evaluated by others.

Accepted Answer

Deindividuation involves a decrease in self-awareness or personal identity within a group, leading to decreased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behaviour will be evaluated by others.

Question 20

_________causes are the immediate causes of behaviour, whereas _________causes of behaviour are forces that shaped the capacity or tendency for the behaviour to exist in the first place.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _________causes are the immediate causes of behaviour,...

Quiz 22: Altruism and Antisocial Behaviour