Question 1

Structuralism was a direct outgrowth of functionalism just as behaviorism was a direct outgrowth of functionalism.

Accepted Answer

Structuralism, which focused on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components, was not a direct outgrowth of functionalism. Instead, functionalism, which emphasized the purpose of consciousness and behavior, emerged as a reaction to structuralism. Behaviorism, which focuses on observable behaviors, emerged later as a reaction against both structuralism and functionalism.

Question 2

The "Fechner Club" founded by Titchener in 1904 changed its name to the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 1928.

Accepted Answer

The Fechner Club, founded by Edward B. Titchener in 1904 to advance the cause of experimental psychology, was indeed renamed the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 1928 to reflect its broader membership and objectives.

Question 3

Titchener generated both a qualitative and a quantitative manual of experimental psychology.

Accepted Answer

Titchener created both a qualitative manual of psychology ("A Textbook of Psychology") and a quantitative manual of experimental psychology ("Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice").

Question 4

For Titchener, "what" is the analysis of mental elements, "why" is how the elements are synthesized, and "how" is the connection of the elements.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct summary of Titchener's view of psychology. Titchener believed that the goal of psychology was to analyze conscious experiences into their simplest components, connect those components in meaningful ways, and then determine the laws governing those connections.

Question 5

Structuralism was absorbed into the mainstream of mid 20th century psychology, becoming the implicit focus of the entire field.

Accepted Answer

Structuralism was a school of psychology that was influential in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was eventually succeeded by other schools such as behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While some of its ideas and methods influenced later psychology, it did not become the implicit focus of the entire field.

Question 6

At Columbia, the functionalist orientation was explicit and dominant, while it was implicit and taken for granted in Chicago.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At Columbia, the functionalist orientation was explicit...

Question 7

The functionalist school emphasized the adaptive role of experience and behavior.

Accepted Answer

The functionalist school of psychology focused on how behaviors and mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment and fulfill their goals. They believed that experience and behavior were highly interconnected and served an adaptive purpose.

Question 8

Dewey, in his book, How We Think, emphasized the role of the reflex arc in his "learning by doing."

Accepted Answer

Dewey actually rejected the reflex arc model and instead emphasized the importance of active and reflective learning through hands-on experiences in his theory of "learning by doing."

Question 9

Thorndike argued that animals learn to escape from a puzzle box not by insight but by blind trial and error.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect stated that animals learn through the consequences of their actions, and not through insight. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as it aligns with Thorndike's theory.

Question 10

Cattell's and Calkins's use of reaction time and of psychophysical measurements proved to be a useful set of techniques for the measurement of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Cattell's and Calkins's use of reaction time and psychophysical measurements were initially thought to be promising for measuring intelligence, but they ultimately proved to be less useful than hoped. These methods did not correlate well with more complex cognitive tasks and academic performance, leading to the development of other approaches to intelligence assessment.

Question 11

Among Titchener's many influential students were

Accepted Answer

Dallenbach, Boring, and Boring's student Stevens were all well-known psychologists who studied under Titchener and continued his legacy in experimental psychology. Carr and Mead were not students of Titchener, but rather colleagues who belonged to different schools of thought. Angell and Dewey were also not students of Titchener, but rather proponents of functionalism, a rival school of thought to structuralism. Thorndike and Woodworth were both important psychologists of the early 20th century, but they did not study under Titchener.

Question 12

Titchener advocated

Accepted Answer

Titchener advocated for all of these options: systematic introspection to discover mental elements, the context theory of meaning, and the avoidance of the stimulus error. These are all components of his approach to psychology.

Question 13

According to Titchener, the stimulus error is

Accepted Answer

The stimulus error is including information about the meaning of the stimulus in the description of the mental content generated by that stimulus. The other options refer to different types of errors.

Question 14

The functionalist orientation

Accepted Answer

The functionalist orientation encompassed all of the options given. It was explicit in Chicago and implicit at Columbia, it led to behaviorism in some cases, and it was an outgrowth of evolutionary theory.

Question 15

Angell's 1906 APA presidential address emphasized the

Accepted Answer

Angell's 1906 APA presidential address emphasized the function of consciousness. He argued that consciousness served to adapt organisms to their environments and that it could not be reduced to simple associations or reflexes.

Question 16

In Carr's analysis, the components of an adaptive act consist of

Accepted Answer

Carr outlines the components of an adaptive act as motive, motivating stimulus, sensory situation, incentive, response, and association between stimulus and response.

Question 17

Thorndike's connectionism argued that

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's connectionism argued all of the options listed, including the strengthening and weakening of S-R connections through various stimuli (choice B), the idea that behavior in a new situation rarely displays insight (choice C), and the crucial role of the law of effect in learning (choice D).

Question 18

Woodworth's "dynamic psychology"

Accepted Answer

Woodworth's "dynamic psychology" proposed that certain mechanisms like hunger, thirst, and sex drive can become powerful factors in motivating behavior. This concept became known as "positive feedback" and was a precursor to the reinforcement theories of Hull, Spence, and Skinner. However, it was not an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory and did not generate a widely used test of personality.

Question 19

The concept of mental age

Accepted Answer

The concept of mental age was developed by Binet and Simon as part of their approach to measuring intelligence. It refers to the level of intellectual functioning typically found in individuals of a certain age group. It is not identical to Wechsler's IQ, which is a standardized score based on a deviation from the average IQ score of the population. Mental age is not typically used in the measurement of adult intelligence, and was not the basis of Yerkes's Alpha and Beta tests.

Question 20

Which of the following are tests of personality?

Accepted Answer

The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) are both tests that assess personality traits and characteristics. The other options listed are tests of intelligence.

Quiz 10: Structuralism and Functionalism