Question 1

Appreciation of __________ enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief.
A) theory of mind
B) second-order false belief
C) elaboration
D) cognitive self-regulation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Appreciation of __________ enables children to pinpoint...

Question 2

The phonics approach to reading
A) claims that if reading is kept meaningful, children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.
B) stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words.
C) stresses an appreciation for word concepts in a story context.
D) allows children to decipher meanings of words by reading the words around them.

Accepted Answer

The phonics approach emphasizes the relationship between letters and sounds, making it easier for children to decode words.

Question 3

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A) tend to score higher in IQ than other children.
B) are often asymptomatic before age 7.
C) find it hard to ignore irrelevant information.
D) have no difficulty with planning or reasoning.

Accepted Answer

One of the main symptoms of ADHD is difficulty in ignoring irrelevant information, which can cause distractibility and impulsivity. A and D are incorrect as ADHD does not necessarily correlate with higher IQ or superior planning and reasoning abilities. B is also incorrect as symptoms of ADHD can manifest before age 7.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
A) Boys are diagnosed three to nine times as often as girls.
B) Girls are diagnosed twice as often as boys.
C) ADHD affects about 15 percent of U.S. school children.
D) All children with ADHD are hyperactive.

Accepted Answer

According to research, boys are diagnosed with ADHD three to nine times more often than girls. This gender discrepancy is still not fully understood.

Answer: C
 ADHD is a common childhood disorder, affecting about 15 percent of school-aged children in the United States. However, not all of these children receive a formal diagnosis or treatment.

Answer: D
 This statement is false. While hyperactivity is a common symptom of ADHD, not all children with ADHD are hyperactive. Some may exhibit symptoms of inattention and impulsivity without hyperactivity.

Question 5

During middle childhood, the long-term knowledge base grows larger and becomes organized into
A) information-processing frameworks.
B) basic cognitive schemas.
C) hierarchically structured networks.
D) concrete operational webs.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children's long-term knowledgebase becomes more structured and hierarchically organized, forming networks of related concepts and information. This allows for more efficient organization and retrieval of information. This process is known as elaboration, and it is a hallmark of cognitive development during this stage.

Question 6

Which of the following students is using organization as a memory strategy?
A) Bruce, who groups explorers by country of origin
B) Jacob, who associates names of explorers with foods they remind him of
C) Samuel, who repeats the names of explorers several times
D) Levi, who creates a funny song that includes names of explorers

Accepted Answer

Bruce is using organization as a memory strategy by grouping explorers based on their country of origin. This technique helps him categorize the information, making it easier to remember.

Question 7

Children who are expert in an area
A) are usually highly motivated.
B) acquire knowledge slowly, but accurately.
C) know the information inherently, without prior experience.
D) have difficulty organizing information.

Accepted Answer

Children who are experts in an area are usually highly motivated, as they have a natural interest and passion for that particular subject.

Question 8

When teachers __________, first graders show greater literacy progress.
A) focus on reading aloud without stopping to concentrate on comprehension
B) rely exclusively on the whole-language approach
C) rely exclusively on the phonics approach
D) combine real reading and writing with teaching of phonics

Accepted Answer

The combination of real reading and writing with phonics teaching allows first graders to develop their literacy skills in a balanced and comprehensive way. It allows them to learn and apply phonics knowledge while also engaging with real text, which is crucial for developing reading comprehension and writing skills.

Question 9

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?
A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) elaboration
D) chunking

Accepted Answer

Peter is using the elaboration memory strategy by connecting two unrelated words (cellular and canine) through a mental image. Elaboration involves creating meaningful associations between new information and what is already known, which helps to make the new information more memorable.

Question 10

The ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives is called
A) recursive thought.
B) cognitive self-regulation.
C) seriation.
D) reciprocal awareness.

Accepted Answer

Recursive thought, also called reflective thinking, involves the ability to consider multiple perspectives and analyze information. It allows individuals to think critically and make informed decisions. Cognitive self-regulation refers to the ability to control one's own thoughts and behaviors, seriation involves the ability to understand and organize objects in a series or sequence, and reciprocal awareness refers to the ability to understand and take into account how others are thinking and feeling. While all of these skills are important, recursive thought specifically focuses on viewing situations from different perspectives.

Question 11

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires
A) considerable effort and space in working memory.
B) concrete pieces of information.
C) combining rehearsal and organization.
D) a greater digit span.

Accepted Answer

Elaboration involves expanding or deepening one's understanding of information, which requires keeping related information in working memory and connecting it with new information. This process takes effort and space in working memory, which typically develops later in childhood and adolescence.

Question 12

Aili is aware that she should attend closely to her teacher's directions, group items when memorizing, and reread a complicated paragraph to make sure she understands it. But she does not always engage in these activities. Aili is not yet good at
A) selective attention.
B) applying memory strategies.
C) cognitive self-regulation.
D) metacognition.

Accepted Answer

Aili's lack of consistent engagement in specific activities despite knowing they are important indicates a lack of cognitive self-regulation – the ability to monitor and control one's own learning and thinking processes. This is different from selective attention (A) which involves focusing on certain information while ignoring others, applying memory strategies (B) which involves using techniques to improve memory, and metacognition (D) which is the awareness and understanding of one's own thinking processes.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the development of reading is true?
A) Around age 3 to 4, children become able to decode simple, one-syllable words.
B) Middle childhood marks the time when most children first show interest in books and printed words.
C) Around age 7 to 8, there is a shift where children go from "learning to read" to "reading to learn."
D) Older learners tend to become set in their ways and have trouble adjusting the way they read to fit their current purpose.

Accepted Answer

Around age 7 to 8, children typically make a transition from learning to read to reading to learn, which means they are now able to use reading as a tool for gaining knowledge and understanding of various subjects.

Answer: A
 Around age 3 to 4, children generally develop the ability to decode simple, one-syllable words as they begin to recognize letters and phonemes.

Option B is incorrect because most children show an interest in books and printed words before middle childhood, and option D is incorrect because older readers are generally able to adjust their reading strategies to fit different contexts and purposes.

Question 14

Mrs. Markie, a first-grade teacher, believes that, from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Mrs. Markie takes a __________ approach to teaching reading.
A) whole-language
B) phonics
C) reciprocal
D) hierarchical

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Markie's belief that children should be exposed to complete text from the beginning aligns with the principles of whole-language instruction, which emphasizes meaning and context over isolated phonics instruction.

Question 15

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to facilitate their progress.
A) whole-language instruction
B) private speech
C) phonological awareness
D) reciprocal teaching

Accepted Answer

Phonological awareness, or the understanding and recognition of sounds in words, is a crucial skill for early readers as they begin to decode and understand written language. This skill can be developed through activities such as rhyming, segmenting and blending sounds, and identifying syllables. While whole-language instruction and reciprocal teaching can also aid in reading development, phonological awareness is specifically linked to decoding and word recognition skills. Private speech, or talking to oneself, is a common behavior in young children but is not necessarily linked to reading development.

Question 16

Children who __________ develop a sense of academic self-efficacy.
A) have high IQ scores.
B) acquire academic integrity.
C) acquire effective self-regulatory skills
D) use abstract, logical thought.

Accepted Answer

Effective self-regulatory skills refer to the ability to manage one's own learning process, including setting realistic goals, monitoring progress, and adapting strategies as needed. Children who have these skills are more likely to believe in their own ability to succeed academically, and therefore develop a sense of academic self-efficacy. High IQ scores and abstract, logical thought are not necessarily indicative of academic self-efficacy, and while academic integrity is important, it does not directly contribute to the development of a sense of self-efficacy.

Question 17

Yolanda entered school low in phonological awareness. Without __________, Yolanda will probably be behind her agemates in text comprehension skills by third grade.
A) early phonics training
B) reading across the curriculum
C) metacognitive training
D) special education services

Accepted Answer

Phonological awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds in words, which is essential for reading and decoding written language. Early phonics training can help Yolanda develop this skill, which will in turn improve her text comprehension skills. Reading across the curriculum and metacognitive training may also be helpful, but they do not address the specific deficit in phonological awareness. Special education services may be necessary if Yolanda has a more severe learning disability or requires individualized support.

Question 18

Kelsey, age 10, is impulsive. During school, he drops his pencil, rearranges the papers inside his desk, and yells at people across the room. Kelsey fails to follow the rules when he plays games and lashes out with hostility when he is frustrated. He suffers from both academic and social problems. Kelsey most likely has
A) Down syndrome.
B) an anxiety disorder.
C) autism.
D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Accepted Answer

Kelsey's impulsive behavior, difficulty following rules, and academic and social problems are all characteristic symptoms of ADHD. Down syndrome and autism typically involve different sets of symptoms, while an anxiety disorder may involve anxiety and worry that are not evident in Kelsey's behavior.

Question 19

Mrs. Rosinski gives each of her children, ages 5, 8, and 12, a shopping list of 10 items. Which of the following results can she expect to see?
A) Her 5-year-old will probably make a plan before searching for items.
B) Her 12-year-old will probably scan the store before searching for items.
C) All of the children will immediately start to retrieve items.
D) All of the children will probably make a plan before searching for items.

Accepted Answer

It is likely that the 12-year-old will scan the store before searching for items due to their increased cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills. While it is possible that the 5-year-old may make a plan, it is less likely due to their younger age and limited experience with shopping. It is also unlikely that all of the children will immediately start to retrieve items or all make a plan before searching, as children have their own unique learning styles and behaviors.

Question 20

Stimulant medication prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to __________ activity in the __________, thereby improving the child's capacity to sustain attention and to inhibit off-task and self-stimulating behavior.
A) increase; hypothalamus
B) decrease; hypothalamus
C) increase; prefrontal cortex
D) decrease; prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

Stimulant medication prescribed to treat ADHD increases activity in the prefrontal cortex, which improves the child's capacity to sustain attention and inhibit off-task and self-stimulating behavior. The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating basic physiological functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep, but is not directly involved in ADHD symptoms or medication effects. Decreasing activity in the prefrontal cortex would likely have negative effects on attention and inhibition, so options B and D are not correct.

Quiz 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Appreciation of __________ enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief.

The phonics approach to reading

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

During middle childhood, the long-term knowledge base grows larger and becomes organized into

Which of the following students is using organization as a memory strategy?

Children who are expert in an area

When teachers __________, first graders show greater literacy progress.

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?

The ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives is called

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires

Aili is aware that she should attend closely to her teacher's directions, group items when memorizing, and reread a complicated paragraph to make sure she understands it. But she does not always engage in these activities. Aili is not yet good at

Which of the following statements about the development of reading is true?

Mrs. Markie, a first-grade teacher, believes that, from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Mrs. Markie takes a __________ approach to teaching reading.

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to facilitate their progress.

Children who __________ develop a sense of academic self-efficacy.

Yolanda entered school low in phonological awareness. Without __________, Yolanda will probably be behind her agemates in text comprehension skills by third grade.

Mrs. Rosinski gives each of her children, ages 5, 8, and 12, a shopping list of 10 items. Which of the following results can she expect to see?

Stimulant medication prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to activity in the , thereby improving the child's capacity to sustain attention and to inhibit off-task and self-stimulating behavior.